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Kobayashi M, Miwa T, Mori E, Shiga H, Tsuzuki K, Okutani F, Hayama M, Akazawa H, Nakamura Y, Suzuki M, Matsuwaki Y, Ogino E, Shikina T, Ikeda K, Hyo Y, Kashiwagi T, Kondo K, Shibata M, Ueno T. Efficacy of tokishakuyakusan and mecobalamin on post-infectious olfactory dysfunction: A prospective multicenter study. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:99-105. [PMID: 37120318 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if tokishakuyakusan (TSS) is effective for treating post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) compared with vitamin B12 (mecobalamin). METHODS We conducted a randomized, nonblinded clinical trial. Patients with PIOD enrolled in 17 hospitals and clinics from 2016 to 2020 were randomly divided into two groups, and we administered TSS or mecobalamin for 24 weeks. Their olfactory function was examined using interviews and T&T olfactometry. The improvement of olfactory dysfunction was assessed following the criteria of the Japanese Rhinologic Society. RESULTS Overall, 82 patients with PIOD were enrolled in this study. In the TSS and mecobalamin groups, 39 patients completed the medication regimen. In the TSS and mecobalamin groups, olfactory dysfunction was significantly improved based on self-reports and olfactory test results. The improvement rate of olfactory dysfunction was 56% in the TSS group and 59% in the mecobalamin group. Early intervention within 3 months produced a better prognosis than the treatment initiated after 4 months. Furthermore, age and sex differences were not observed. Both medications produced no severe adverse events. CONCLUSION The present study showed that TSS and mecobalamin might be useful for treating PIOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan.
| | - Eri Mori
- Dpartment of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tsuzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Fumino Okutani
- Department of Occupational Health and Otolaryngology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Masaki Hayama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital, Nishinomiya City, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Akazawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Motohiko Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Katsuhisa Ikeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiyoshi Hyo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kashiwagi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsuga, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minori Shibata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Shimizu T, Terawaki K, Sekiguchi K, Sanechika S, Ohbuchi K, Matsumoto C, Ikeda Y. Tokishakuyakusan ameliorates lowered body temperature after immersion in cold water through the early recovery of blood flow in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 285:114896. [PMID: 34896207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 'Cold feeling' is a subjective feeling of unusual coldness that aggravates fatigue, stiffness, and other symptoms, thereby reducing quality of life. Tokishakuyakusan (TSS) is a Kampo medicine reported to improve cold feeling and is used to treat symptoms aggravated by cold feeling. However, the mechanism of action of TSS is unclear. Cold feeling may involve reduced blood flow and subsequent inhibition of heat transport. Therefore, elucidating the effects of TSS on blood flow is one of the most important research topics for clarifying the mechanism of action of TSS. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to evaluate the effect of TSS on recovery from lowered body temperature by the immersion of rats in cold water and to clarify the involvement of blood flow in the action of TSS. MATERIALS AND METHODS After female Wistar rats underwent 9 days of low room temperature stress loading (i.e. room temperature of 18 °C), they were subjected to immersion in cold water (15 °C) for 15 min. Body surface temperature, rectal temperature, and plantar temperature were measured before and after immersion in cold water. Blood flow was measured before and after immersion in cold water without low room temperature stress loading. TSS (0.5 g/kg or 1 g/kg) or the vehicle (i.e. distilled water) was orally administered once daily for 10 days for the measurement of body temperature or once 30 min before immersion in cold water for the measurement of blood flow. In addition, we examined the effect of TSS on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, the effect of TSS ingredients on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and the effect of TSS ingredients on the membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle cells and evaluated the mechanism of the effects of TSS on blood flow. RESULTS Body temperature and blood flow decreased after immersion in cold water and then recovered over time. A comparison of body temperature at each timepoint or area under the curve showed that TSS (1 g/kg) accelerated the recovery of body surface temperature, rectal temperature, and blood flow. TSS significantly increased CGRP release from DRG cells, which disappeared after pretreatment with HC-030031 (a transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 [TRPA1] antagonist). The effects of seven TSS ingredients on TRP channels were examined. The agonistic effect on TRPA1 was observed for atractylodin, atractylodin carboxylic acid and levistolide A. Among the TSS ingredients, atractylodin carboxylic acid had significant hyperpolarising effects. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism by which TSS accelerates the recovery of lowered body temperature in rats after immersion in cold water may involve the acceleration of the recovery of lowered blood flow. Increased CGRP release from DRG cells by TSS, TRPA1 activation by TSS ingredients, and membrane potential changes in vascular smooth muscle cells caused by TSS ingredients are part of the mechanism of action of TSS. These findings may partly contribute to the interpretation of the beneficial effects of TSS on cold feeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Shimizu
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Terawaki
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kyoji Sekiguchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Sho Sanechika
- Tsumura Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Chinami Matsumoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
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Terawaki K, Saegusa Y, Sekiguchi K, Shimizu T, Takiyama M, Matsumoto T, Iizuka S, Matsumoto C, Motoyama F. The ameliorating effects of tokishakuyakusan in a rat model of implantation failure involves endometrial gland leukemia inhibitory factor and decidualization. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 265:113288. [PMID: 32841695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tokishakuyakusan (TSS) is a Kampo medicine that is prescribed for the treatment of infertility in Japan. However, its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the endometrium plays an indispensable role in embryo implantation and is linked to infertility or implantation failure. Previously, we demonstrated that TSS ameliorated implantation failure induced by mifepristone (RU-486), an antagonist of progesterone, in rats. Herein, we aimed to clarify whether the ameliorating effect of TSS on implantation failure in the rat model involves endometrial LIF. Additionally, we determined whether decidualization, the dysfunction of which is linked to infertility or implantation failure similar to LIF, progesterone, and other implantation-related factors, are involved in the effect of TSS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The implantation failure rat model was developed via the subcutaneous administration of RU-486 (7 mg/kg) on day 3 post-coitus. Sesame oil was administered as the vehicle control. Rats were fed a diet containing 1% or 3% TSS or a control diet from day 13 pre-coitus. Subsequently, the implantation sites were assessed, and plasma progesterone levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on day 8 post-coitus. The LIF mRNA of the endometrial gland, which was segmented via laser-microdissection from the endometrial tissue, was measured, and endometrial LIF immunostaining was carried out on day 5. The gene expression of different factors related to implantation, including decidualization and progesterone-responsiveness on days 5 and 6, were measured. The human endometrial Ishikawa cell line derived from human adenocarcinoma was treated with TSS (30-300 μg/mL) for 24 h, and the LIF concentrations in the cell culture supernatants were measured. RESULTS RU-486 decreased the number of implantation sites in the uterus of rats; however, the decrease was significantly alleviated by TSS (3%-diet), which tended to increase plasma progesterone. In rats with RU-486-induced implantation failure, endometrial gland LIF mRNA and endometrial LIF protein were markedly decreased while the gene expression of both decidualization-related factors such as interleukin-11, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, and cyclooxygenase-2, and progesterone responsive-related factors such as FK506 binding protein 5, were significantly decreased. These changes in the uterus of rats with implantation failure were significantly alleviated by TSS (3%-diet). Additionally, TSS significantly enhanced LIF protein production and LIF mRNA in Ishikawa cells. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism whereby TSS ameliorates RU-486-induced implantation failure in rats may involve the alleviation of decreased LIF production derived from the endometrial gland, and a dysfunction of decidualization, including lower progesterone responsiveness in the model. These findings may partly contribute to the interpretation of the beneficial effects of TSS on infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Terawaki
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Yayoi Saegusa
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Kyoji Sekiguchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Shimizu
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Mikina Takiyama
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Chinami Matsumoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
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Nagamatsu T, Fujii T, Schust DJ, Tsuchiya N, Tokita Y, Hoya M, Akiba N, Iriyama T, Kawana K, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Tokishakuyakusan, a traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo) mitigates iNKT cell-mediated pregnancy loss in mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13021. [PMID: 29998597 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tokishakuyakusan (TSS) is a traditional herbal medicine that has been used empirically to prevent recurrent pregnancy loss. Its mode of action remains unclear. With their potent capacity to produce cytokines, invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells are involved in the control of fetomaternal immunity in early gestation. This study aimed to clarify the effect of TSS on iNKT cell activities in a well-studied murine miscarriage model. METHODS Pregnant mice were fed 1% TSS-containing or control diet from the day of vaginal plug formation. Alpha-galactosylceramide (AGC) was administered intraperitoneally to the pregnant mice at day 9.5 postcoitus (pc) to stimulate iNKT cells. Peripheral cytokine levels were evaluated using cytokine arrays. The percentage of iNKT cells among splenocytes was examined by flow cytometric analysis. The incidence of pregnancy loss was assessed at day 12.5 pc. RESULTS The ratio of fetal resorptions to total conceptuses was significantly higher in the group exposed to TSS (34%) than in controls (78%). A rapid and robust surge in inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF-α, was detected in the peripheral blood of control animals 2 hours after AGC administration. This peripheral cytokine induction was significantly attenuated in the TSS-fed group compared with the control. The percentage of iNKT cells among total splenocytes was lower in the TSS-fed group than in controls. CONCLUSION The findings in this study suggest that the inhibitory effects of TSS on pregnancy loss may involve immune modulation of iNKT cells during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Naoko Tsuchiya
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research and Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Tokita
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research and Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Hoya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Akiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iriyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim M, Kim AR, Park HJ, Kwon O, Kim JH, Park EJ, Baek SE, Yoo JE, Lee JH. Danggwijagyaksan for climacteric syndrome in peri- and postmenopausal women with a blood-deficiency dominant pattern: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Trials 2018; 19:41. [PMID: 29335018 PMCID: PMC5769552 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to explore the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of Danggwijagyaksan (DJS) for alleviating climacteric syndrome in peri- and postmenopausal women with a blood-deficiency dominant pattern. Methods/design This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial. A total of 34 women with climacteric syndrome who have signed informed consent forms will be registered in this study. Placebo or DJS will be randomly assigned to the participants in an equal proportion. The participants will visit the clinical trial center every 2 weeks and receive placebo or DJS granules. The treatment period is 4 weeks and the administration frequency is three times daily. Data will be collected from the participants at baseline, at week 5, and at week 9 after random allocation. The primary outcome measure will be the mean change in the Menopause Rating Scale from baseline to week 5. Secondary outcome measures will include the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) score, the Blood Deficiency Scoring System score, lean body mass, and blood tests, including serum follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol concentration. To assess the safety of DJS, a laboratory test will be conducted before and after treatment and the participants will be asked about any occurrence of adverse events every visit. The recruitment rate, completion rate, and medication adherence will also be calculated, to assess feasibility. Discussion The findings of this study will provide the basis for a full-scale randomized controlled trial to confirm the safety and efficacy of DJS for the treatment of climacteric syndrome in peri- and postmenopausal women. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), Republic of Korea, KCT0002387. Registered on 25 July 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2443-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Kim
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kim
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ju Park
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ojin Kwon
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Kim
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Eun Baek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Yoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, 300-716, Republic of Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176 beon-gil, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science & Technology, Campus of Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HW, Jun JH, Kil KJ, Ko BS, Lee CH, Lee MS. Herbal medicine (Danggui Shaoyao San) for treating primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas 2016; 85:19-26. [PMID: 26857875 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS), a traditional herbal prescription, has long been used to treat menopause-related symptoms, including dysmenorrhea. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of DSS for dysmenorrhea. We searched the following electronic databases through October 2015: PubMed; EMBASE; the Cochrane Library; AMED; five Korean databases (KoreaMed, DBPIA, OASIS, RISS, and KISS); three Chinese databases (CNKI, Wan Fang Database, and VIP), and one Japanese database (CiNii). The Cochrane criteria were used to assess the risk of bias for the individual studies. All randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of DSS or modified DSS were included. Data from all articles were extracted by two independent reviewers. Meta-analysis was used to pool the data. A total of 746 potentially relevant studies were identified, and four RCTs met our inclusion criteria. All of the included RCTs had a high risk of bias across their domains. Three RCTs showed favourable effects of DSS on response rate compared with conventional medicine, and a meta-analysis showed that DSS had superior effects compared to analgesics (RR: 1.31, 95%CI, 1.06-1.63, I(2)=73%). One RCT showed a beneficial effect of DSS on pain compared with placebo control. Our systematic review and meta-analysis provided suggestive evidence of the superiority of DSS over analgesics or placebo for dysmenorrhea. The quality of evidence for this finding was low to moderate because of a high risk of bias.
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