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Wang W, Zhang L, Battiprolu PK, Fukushima A, Nguyen K, Milner K, Gupta A, Altamimi T, Byrne N, Mori J, Alrob OA, Wagg C, Fillmore N, Wang SH, Liu DM, Fu A, Lu JY, Chaves M, Motani A, Ussher JR, Reagan JD, Dyck JRB, Lopaschuk GD. Malonyl CoA Decarboxylase Inhibition Improves Cardiac Function Post-Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:385-400. [PMID: 31312761 PMCID: PMC6609914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MCD inhibition decreases fatty acid oxidation via increasing malonyl coenzyme A levels to prevent fatty acid uptake into mitochondria in the failing hearts induced by coronary artery ligation. Downregulating fatty acid oxidation by MCD inhibition occurrs in conjuction with a decrease in glycolysis and in proton production while an increase in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. MCD inhibition enhances antioxidative capacity through increasing mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity via reducing its acetylation.
Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism after a myocardial infarction contribute to the severity of heart failure (HF). Although fatty acid oxidation can be impaired in HF, it is unclear if stimulating fatty acid oxidation is a desirable approach to treat HF. Both immediate and chronic malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase inhibition, which decreases fatty acid oxidation, improved cardiac function through enhancing cardiac efficiency in a post–myocardial infarction rat that underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. The beneficial effects of MCD inhibition were attributed to a decrease in proton production due to an improved coupling between glycolysis and glucose oxidation.
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Key Words
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- EF, ejection fraction
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- MCD, malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase
- MI, myocardial infarction
- SERCA2, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Trx, thioredoxin
- fatty acid oxidation
- glucose oxidation
- heart failure
- uncoupling of glycolysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Arata Fukushima
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth Milner
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tariq Altamimi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikole Byrne
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun Mori
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Osama Abo Alrob
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cory Wagg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natasha Fillmore
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Okumura H, Sato T, Sakuma R, Fukushima H, Matsuda T, Ujita M. Identification of distinctive interdomain interactions among ZP-N, ZP-C and other domains of zona pellucida glycoproteins underlying association of chicken egg-coat matrix. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:454-65. [PMID: 26106520 PMCID: PMC4475693 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken ZP1 and ZP3 assemble through strong interactions between their ZP-C domains. ZP-C domains of chicken ZP1 and ZP3 are deeply embedded in the egg-coat matrix. Chicken ZP1 forms a homocomplex through non-covalent interaction between repeat domains. Chicken ZPD is deposited on the interstices of ZP1–ZP3 matrix in the egg coat. We propose a model for the architecture of chicken egg-coat matrix from these results.
The vertebrate egg coat, including mammalian zona pellucida, is an oocyte-specific extracellular matrix comprising two to six zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins. The egg coat plays important roles in fertilization, especially in species-specific interactions with sperm to induce the sperm acrosome reaction and to form the block to polyspermy. It is suggested that the physiological functions of the egg coat are mediated and/or regulated coordinately by peptide and carbohydrate moieties of the ZP glycoproteins that are spatially arranged in the egg coat, whereas a comprehensive understanding of the architecture of vertebrate egg-coat matrix remains elusive. Here, we deduced the orientations and/or distributions of chicken ZP glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP3 and ZPD, in the egg-coat matrix by confocal immunofluorescent microscopy, and in the ZP1–ZP3 complexes generated in vitro by co-immunoprecipitation assays. We further confirmed interdomain interactions of the ZP glycoproteins by far-Western blot analyses of the egg-coat proteins and pull-down assays of ZP1 in the serum, using recombinant domains of ZP glycoproteins as probes. Our results suggest that the ZP1 and ZP3 bind through their ZP-C domains to form the ZP1–ZP3 complexes and fibrils, which are assembled into bundles through interactions between the repeat domains of ZP1 to form the ZP1–ZP3 matrix, and that the ZPD molecules self-associate and bind to the ZP1–ZP3 matrix through its ZP-N and ZP-C domains to form the egg-coat matrix. Based on these results, we propose a tentative model for the architecture of the chicken egg-coat matrix that might be applicable to other vertebrate ones.
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Key Words
- CBB, Coomassie Brilliant Blue
- DIC, differential interference contrast
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EHP, external hydrophobic patch
- Egg coat
- Extracellular matrix
- Fertilization
- His6, hexahistidine
- IHP, internal hydrophobic patch
- Interdomain interaction
- MBP, maltose binding protein
- RT, room temperature
- TGFR, transforming growth factor-β receptor
- THP, Tamm–Horsfall protein
- Trx, thioredoxin
- ZP, zona pellucida
- Zona pellucida
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okumura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 52 838 2451; fax: +81 52 833 5524.
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Rio Sakuma
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fukushima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Minoru Ujita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
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Kolb P, Vorreiter J, Habicht J, Bentrop D, Wallich R, Nassal M. Soluble cysteine-rich tick saliva proteins Salp15 and Iric-1 from E. coli. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 5:42-55. [PMID: 25628987 PMCID: PMC4305620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva proteins Salp15 and Iric-1 promote tick feeding and pathogen transmission. We established the first bacterial expression system for soluble Salp15 and Iric-1. Using this system we mapped monoclonal antibody epitopes on Salp15 and Iric-1. We defined the interaction sites with Borrelia outer surface protein C (OspC). We elucidated first secondary structure features in Iric-1 by NMR.
Ticks transmit numerous pathogens, including borreliae, which cause Lyme disease. Tick saliva contains a complex mix of anti-host defense factors, including the immunosuppressive cysteine-rich secretory glycoprotein Salp15 from Ixodes scapularis ticks and orthologs like Iric-1 from Ixodesricinus. All tick-borne microbes benefit from the immunosuppression at the tick bite site; in addition, borreliae exploit the binding of Salp15 to their outer surface protein C (OspC) for enhanced transmission. Hence, Salp15 proteins are attractive targets for anti-tick vaccines that also target borreliae. However, recombinant Salp proteins are not accessible in sufficient quantity for either vaccine manufacturing or for structural characterization. As an alternative to low-yield eukaryotic systems, we investigated cytoplasmic expression in Escherichia coli, even though this would not result in glycosylation. His-tagged Salp15 was efficiently expressed but insoluble. Among the various solubility-enhancing protein tags tested, DsbA was superior, yielding milligram amounts of soluble, monomeric Salp15 and Iric-1 fusions. Easily accessible mutants enabled epitope mapping of two monoclonal antibodies that, importantly, cross-react with glycosylated Salp15, and revealed interaction sites with OspC. Free Salp15 and Iric-1 from protease-cleavable fusions, despite limited solubility, allowed the recording of 1H–15N 2D NMR spectra, suggesting partial folding of the wild-type proteins but not of Cys-free variants. Fusion to the NMR-compatible GB1 domain sufficiently enhanced solubility to reveal first secondary structure elements in 13C/15N double-labeled Iric-1. Together, E. coli expression of appropriately fused Salp15 proteins may be highly valuable for the molecular characterization of the function and eventually the 3D structure of these medically relevant tick proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kolb
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine 2/Molecular Biology, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany ; University of Freiburg, Biological Faculty, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jolanta Vorreiter
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine 2/Molecular Biology, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jüri Habicht
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Immunology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Detlef Bentrop
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physiology, Hermann-Herder-Str. 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wallich
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Immunology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine 2/Molecular Biology, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Qin H, Zhang X, Ye F, Zhong L. High-fat diet-induced changes in liver thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase as a novel feature of insulin resistance. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:928-35. [PMID: 25426412 PMCID: PMC4239481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) can induce oxidative stress. Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are critical antioxidant proteins but how they are affected by HFD remains unclear. Using HFD-induced insulin-resistant mouse model, we show here that liver Trx and TrxR are significantly decreased, but, remarkably, the degree of their S-acylation is increased after consuming HFD. These HFD-induced changes in Trx/TrxR may reflect abnormalities of lipid metabolism and insulin signaling transduction. HFD-driven accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal is another potential mechanism behind inactivation and decreased expression of Trx/TrxR. Thus, we propose HFD-induced impairment of liver Trx/TrxR as major contributor to oxidative stress and as a novel feature of insulin resistance.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- ASK-1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1
- Gpx, glutathione peroxidase
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PTP-1B, protein-tyrosine phophatase-1B
- S-acylation
- Thioredoxin
- Thioredoxin reductase
- Trx, thioredoxin
- TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Qin
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Perking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Perking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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Lopert P, Patel M. Brain mitochondria from DJ-1 knockout mice show increased respiration-dependent hydrogen peroxide consumption. Redox Biol 2014; 2:667-72. [PMID: 24936441 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the DJ-1 gene have been shown to cause a rare autosomal-recessive genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of DJ-1 and its role in PD development has been linked to multiple pathways, however its exact role in the development of PD has remained elusive. It is thought that DJ-1 may play a role in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and overall oxidative stress in cells through directly scavenging ROS itself, or through the regulation of ROS scavenging systems such as glutathione (GSH) or thioredoxin (Trx) or ROS producing complexes such as complex I of the electron transport chain. Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated that isolated brain mitochondria consume H2O2 predominantly by the Trx/Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR)/Peroxiredoxin (Prx) system in a respiration dependent manner (Drechsel et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2010). Therefore we wanted to determine if mitochondrial H2O2 consumption was altered in brains from DJ-1 deficient mice (DJ-1(-/-)). Surprisingly, DJ-1(-/-) mice showed an increase in mitochondrial respiration-dependent H2O2 consumption compared to controls. To determine the basis of the increased H2O2 consumption in DJ1(-/-) mice, the activities of Trx, Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR), GSH, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured. Compared to control mice, brains from DJ-1(-/-) mice showed an increase in (1) mitochondrial Trx activity, (2) GSH and GSSG levels and (3) mitochondrial glutaredoxin (GRX) activity. Brains from DJ-1(-/-) mice showed a decrease in mitochondrial GR activity compared to controls. The increase in the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial Trx and total GSH levels may account for the increased H2O2 consumption observed in the brain mitochondria in DJ-1(-/-) mice perhaps as an adaptive response to chronic DJ-1 deficiency.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal
- 6OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- BSA, Bovin Serum Albumin
- Cox IV, complex IV
- DA, dopaminergic
- DJ-1
- DJ1-/-, DJ-1 knockout
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GRX, glutaredoxin
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- Gpx, glutathione peroxidase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HEDS, 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Mitochondria
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor
- Oxidative stress
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- PQ, paraquat
- Parkinson’s disease
- Prx, peroxiredoxin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SNpc, substantia nigra pars compacta
- TH, tyrosine hydroxylase
- Thioredoxin
- Thioredoxin reductase
- Trx, thioredoxin
- Trx1, cytosolic trx
- Trx2, mitochondrial trx
- TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
- TrxR1, cytosolic TrxR
- TrxR2, mitochondrial Trx
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Abstract
The presence and concentrations of modified proteins circulating in plasma depend on rates of protein synthesis, modification and clearance. In early studies, the proteins most frequently analysed for damage were those which were more abundant in plasma (e.g. albumin and immunoglobulins) which exist at up to 10 orders of magnitude higher concentrations than other plasma proteins e.g. cytokines. However, advances in analytical techniques using mass spectrometry and immuno-affinity purification methods, have facilitated analysis of less abundant, modified proteins and the nature of modifications at specific sites is now being characterised. The damaging reactive species that cause protein modifications in plasma principally arise from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases (NOX), nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and oxygenase activities; reactive nitrogen species (RNS) from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and NOS activities; and hypochlorous acid from MPO. Secondary damage to proteins may be caused by oxidized lipids and glucose autooxidation. In this review, we focus on redox regulatory control of those enzymes and processes which control protein maturation during synthesis, produce reactive species, repair and remove damaged plasma proteins. We have highlighted the potential for alterations in the extracellular redox compartment to regulate intracellular redox state and, conversely, for intracellular oxidative stress to alter the cellular secretome and composition of extracellular vesicles. Through secreted, redox-active regulatory molecules, changes in redox state may be transmitted to distant sites. Loss of redox homeostasis may affect the secretome content and protein concentration, transmitting redox signals to distant cells through extracellular vesicles. Damaged glycoforms may arise from oxidants or aberrant biosynthetic regulation. Reactive species generation by NOX and NOS is controlled through redox regulation. Cell surface and plasma thiol-oxidised proteins can be reduced and their activity modulated by thioredoxin, protein disulphide isomerase and reductases.
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Key Words
- Ageing
- BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERO1, endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1
- EV, extracellular vesicles
- FX1, factor XI
- GPI, glycoprotein 1
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GRX, glutaredoxin
- GSH, glutathione
- Glycosylation
- MIRNA, microRNA
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- Nitration
- O2•−, superoxide anion radical
- ONOO-, peroxynitrite
- Oxidation
- PDI, protein disulphide isomerase
- Peroxiredoxin
- Prx, peroxiredoxin
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive nitrogen species
- Thioredoxin
- Trx, thioredoxin
- VWF, von Willebrand factor
- XO, xanthine oxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Griffiths
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Irundika H K Dias
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Rachel S Willetts
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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Mattmiller SA, Carlson BA, Sordillo LM. Regulation of inflammation by selenium and selenoproteins: impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e28. [PMID: 25191577 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation is a contributing factor to many leading causes of human
morbidity and mortality including atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes. Se is an essential
nutrient in the mammalian diet that has some anti-inflammatory properties and, at
sufficient amounts in the diet, has been shown to be protective in various
inflammatory-based disease models. More recently, Se has been shown to alter the
expression of eicosanoids that orchestrate the initiation, magnitude and resolution of
inflammation. Many of the health benefits of Se are thought to be due to antioxidant and
redox-regulating properties of certain selenoproteins. The present review will discuss the
existing evidence that supports the concept that optimal Se intake can mitigate
dysfunctional inflammatory responses, in part, through the regulation of eicosanoid
metabolism. The ability of selenoproteins to alter the biosynthesis of eicosanoids by
reducing oxidative stress and/or by modifying redox-regulated signalling pathways also
will be discussed. Based on the current literature, however, it is clear that more
research is necessary to uncover the specific beneficial mechanisms behind the
anti-inflammatory properties of selenoproteins and other Se metabolites, especially as
related to eicosanoid biosynthesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in
Se-mediated regulation of host inflammatory responses may lead to the development of
dietary intervention strategies that take optimal advantage of its biological potency.
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Key Words
- 15-HETE, 15(S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 15-HPETE, 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14PGJ2
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ASK-1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- Eicosanoid biosynthesis
- FAHP, fatty acid hydroperoxide
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GPx4, glutathione peroxidase-4
- H-PGDS, haematopoietic PGD2 synthase
- HO-1, haeme oxygenase-1
- HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HPODE, hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- Inflammation
- LA, linoleic acid
- LOX, lipoxygenase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LT, leukotriene
- LTA4H, leukotriene A4 hydrolase
- MAPK, itogen-activated protein kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Selenium
- Selenoproteins
- Sepp1, selenoprotein P plasma 1
- TX, thromboxane
- TXB2, thromboxane B2
- Trx, thioredoxin
- TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
- ppm, parts per million
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