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Bahia L, Mello KF, Lemos LLP, Costa NL, Mulinari E, Malerbi DA. Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring with FreeStyle Libre ® in Brazilian insulin-treated patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:242. [PMID: 38001509 PMCID: PMC10675900 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycemia is a barrier to optimal glucose control in the treatment of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Blood glucose monitoring is essential in diabetes management. Inappropriate glucose management is associated with high mortality and morbidity. FreeStyle Libre® (FSL) is a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system that provides effective, safe, and convenient glucose monitoring, without routine finger pricking. This study aims to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the FSL system in comparison to conventional Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in T1DM and T2DM patients that require intensive insulin therapy. METHODS A decision-tree model was developed to compare the cost-effectiveness ratio between FSL and conventional SMBG from the perspective of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS). The model captures the cumulative rates of acute complications such as severe hypoglicemia and diabetic ketoacidosis, per-event costs, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained over a 1-year time horizon in adult and pediatric patients (≥ 4 years old) with T1DM or T2DM. Inputs from the Brazilian health databases, clinical trials, and real-world data were used in the study. RESULTS The results demonstrated that, regarding solely severe hypoglicemia and diabetic ketoacidosis events, T1DM have a QALY difference of 0.276, a cost difference of R$ 7.255, and an ICER of R$ 26,267.69 per QALY gained for CGM with FSL, when compared to conventional SMBG. T2DM results demonstrated equally a QALY difference of 0.184, a cost difference of R$ 7290, and an ICER of R$ 39,692.67 per QALY gained, in favour of CGM with FSL. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that FSL is cost-effective in T1DM and T2DM for acute diabetic complications, from a SUS perspective. CGM with FSL can promote safe, convenient, and cost-effective glucose monitoring, therefore contributing to the improvement of the incidence of complications and quality of life.
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Goren T, Kilimci D, Yigit Y, Yildirim A, Gulen H, Ersoy B. EPISODE OF ACUTE HEMOLYSIS DUE TO UNDIAGNOSED GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHIDROGENASE DEFICIENCY IN AN ADOLESCENT WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2023; 19:256-259. [PMID: 37908891 PMCID: PMC10614597 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2023.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme deficiency is common in the community. The most important clinical manifestation of G6PD deficiency is acute hemolytic anemia due to oxidative stressors. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can precipitate hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency. Here, we described a 15-year-old male with newly diagnosed type 1 DM (T1DM) and unknown G6PD deficiency who suffered from hemolytic anemia during normalization of blood glucose. On admission, the patient did not have ketoacidosis. After the patient's blood sugars were regulated with insulin therapy, he presented five days later with hemolytic anemia. The cause of hemolytic anemia was G6PD deficiency. The patient had no previous episodes of hemolysis and had no relevant family history. Hypoglycemia did not occur during blood glucose regulation. The return of blood sugar to normal after a long period of hyperglycemia was thought to be the possible cause of hemolysis. In conclusion, G6PD deficiency should be considered when there is an episode of hemolysis in newly diagnosed children and adolescents with T1DM, especially in the absence of ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Goren
- Department of Pediatrics, “Celal Bayar” University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - D.D. Kilimci
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, “Celal Bayar” University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Y. Yigit
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, “Celal Bayar” University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - A.T. Yildirim
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, “Celal Bayar” University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - H. Gulen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, “Celal Bayar” University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - B. Ersoy
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, “Celal Bayar” University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
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Alzahrani N. Hepatitis C Virus, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes: A Review. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:453-459. [PMID: 35941761 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two chronic diseases that are a cause of significant health and economic burdens worldwide. HCV is associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The mechanisms through which HCV induces IR and DM include direct viral effects, pro-inflammatory cytokines and other immune-mediated processes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are both chronic diseases that involve impaired glucose homeostasis, albeit through different mechanisms. T1DM is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency. In T2DM, a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and irregular production of insulin eventually lead to beta cell destruction and insulin insufficiency. Both type 1 and type 2 DM etiologies involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The data on HCV and T1DM association is limited, unlike T2DM, where a large body of evidence linking HCV to T2DM is available. Here, we intend to outline the current state of knowledge on HCV, IR, and DM. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
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Marchand L, Luyton C. Response to Comment on Marchand et al. Type 1 diabetes onset triggered by COVID-19; and follow-up of the case. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:1285-1286. [PMID: 34156538 PMCID: PMC8217779 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Marchand
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Centre Hospitalier Saint Joseph Saint Luc, Quai Claude Bernard, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Cédric Luyton
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Centre Hospitalier Saint Joseph Saint Luc, Quai Claude Bernard, 69007, Lyon, France
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Zarranz-Ventura J, Barraso M, Alé-Chilet A, Hernandez T, Oliva C, Gascón J, Sala-Puigdollers A, Figueras-Roca M, Vinagre I, Ortega E, Esmatjes E, Adan A. Evaluation of microvascular changes in the perifoveal vascular network using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in type I diabetes mellitus: a large scale prospective trial. BMC Med Imaging 2019; 19:91. [PMID: 31752726 PMCID: PMC6873669 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-019-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients, as a consequence of impaired blood flow in the retina. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a newly developed, non-invasive, retinal imaging technique that permits adequate delineation of the perifoveal vascular network. It allows the detection of paramacular areas of capillary non perfusion and/or enlargement of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), representing an excellent tool for assessment of DR. The relationship of these microvascular changes with systemic factors such as metabolic control or duration of the disease still needs to be elucidated. Methods Prospective, consecutive, large-scale OCTA study. A complete ocular examination including a comprehensive series of OCTA images of different scan sizes captured with 2 OCT devices (Cirrus HD-OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA, and Triton Deep Range Imaging OCT, Topcon Corp, Topcon, Japan) will be obtained as part of the yearly routine follow up visits in type 1 DM patients seen in the Diabetes Unit of the Endocrinology department which give written informed consent to participate in the project. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between OCTA-derived parameters and systemic factors, as metabolic control (Hb1Ac, lipid profile, cholesterol, etc), and other relevant clinical factors as demographics or duration of the disease. Discussion This study is directed to investigate the relationship between the status of the perifoveal vascular network and systemic markers of the disease, and in particular to study whether these changes reflect those occurring elsewhere in the body affected by diabetic microvascular disease, as the kidneys or the brain. If these relationships were demonstrated, early detection of these microvascular changes by OCTA could lead to modifications in the pharmacological management of type 1 diabetic patients, as a way to reduce the risk of future complications in both the eye and other organs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, trial number NCT03422965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Zarranz-Ventura
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Barraso
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anibal Alé-Chilet
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Hernandez
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Oliva
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Gascón
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sala-Puigdollers
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Figueras-Roca
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Vinagre
- Diabetes Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metaboliques (ICMDM), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Diabetes Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metaboliques (ICMDM), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Esmatjes
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Diabetes Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metaboliques (ICMDM), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Adan
- Institut Clínic d'Oftalmología (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, C/ Sabino Arana 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Martínez E, Portillo N, Lizarralde E, Grau G, Vela A, Rodríguez A, Rica I. For Debate: Paediatric T1DM: DKA is Still a Problem. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2018; 16:233-239. [PMID: 30556656 DOI: 10.17458/per.vol16.2018.mpr.fd.t1dmdka] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the treatment of pediatric patients with T1DM has improved ketoacidosis (DKA) remains a frequent problem. OBJECTIVE To estimate temporal changes in the prevalence of DKA at diagnosis of T1DM and to explore the factors associated with its occurrence. METHODS Paediatric patients diagnosed at Cruces University Hospital (Spain) since 1997 were included. Clinical/analytical variables at diabetes onset, Hemoglobin A1c level during the first 2 years of evolution and the presence of the honeymoon phase were studied. RESULTS In 209 patients the prevalence of DKA was stable over time and high (35.4%) especially in the youngest. 8.5% of patients had a severe DKA with a higher risk in older than 10. Partial remission occurred in 26% patients, less frequent in the youngest and in the subgroup with DKA at diagnosis. CONCLUSION The frequency of DKA although stable, remains high and is associated with a worse evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martínez
- Paediatric Department, Centro de Salud Gamonal Antigua, Avd Eladio Perlado s/n, 09007 Burgos, Spain
| | - Nancy Portillo
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Alto Deba, Nafarroa Etorbidea, 16, 20500 Mondragón, Gipuzcoa, Spain
| | - Eneritz Lizarralde
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Hospital de Mendaro, Mendarozabal s/n, 20850 Mendaro, Guipuzcoa, Spain
| | - Gema Grau
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, BIOCRUCES, Plaza Cruces s/n, 48903 Bizkaia,Spain
| | - Amaia Vela
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, CIBERDEM, CIBERER, BIOCRUCES, Plaza Cruces s/n, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, BIOCRUCES, Plaza Cruces s/n, 48903 Bizkaia,Spain
| | - Itxaso Rica
- Hospital Universitario de Cruces, CIBERDEM, CIBERER, BIOCRUCES, Plaza Cruces s/n, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain, E-mail:
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Abstract
In the last 15 years clinical islet transplantation has made the leap from experimental procedure to standard of care for a highly selective group of patients. Due to a risk-benefit calculation involving the required systemic immunosuppression the procedure is only considered in patients with type 1 diabetes, complicated by severe hypoglycemia or end stage renal disease. In this review we summarize current outcomes of the procedure and take a look at ongoing and future improvements and refinements of beta cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schuetz
- Islet transplantation laboratory, Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - James F Markmann
- Islet transplantation laboratory, Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery
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Akpan OU, Bassey RB, Agba BS, Edegha IA. Elevation of serum pancreatic amylase and distortion of pancreatic cyto-architecture in type 1 diabetes mellitus rats treated with Ocimum gratissimum. Niger Med J 2014; 55:34-8. [PMID: 24970967 PMCID: PMC4071660 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.128157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus has been shown to cause severe impairment in exocrine pancreatic function and cyto-architecture. Ocimum grattissimum has been reported to lower blood glucose levels in experimental diabetic animals. This study, therefore, aims to investigate if treatment with O. grattissimum can alleviate these pancreatic complications of diabetes mellitus. The phytoconstituents and median lethal dose of the plant extract were determined. Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats were divided into three groups of six rats each. Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. Group 1 was the control and were given normal feed only; Group 2 was of diabetic untreated rats, while Group 3 was O. grattissimum-treated diabetic rats at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg. After 28 days, blood was collected by cardiac puncture of the anaesthetised animals and the serum was obtained for analysis of serum pancreatic amylase. Permanent preparations using routine biopsy method were employed for histological preparations. Results: Results showed that the level of pancreatic serum amylase in the test groups (diabetic and diabetic-treated) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control group, while the diabetic-treated group was significantly lower than the diabetic group. Atrophic acinar tissue without β-cells was noted in the diabetic and diabetic-treated groups. Patchy areas of necrosis, oedematous interstitium, haemorrhagic and necrotic acinar cells were present in diabetic-treated groups. Conclusion: Direct association exists between the hyperglycaemic state caused by diabetes mellitus and the elevation of the serum pancreatic amylase and distortion of pancreatic cyto-achitecture. O. grattissimum-treatment reduced serum pancreatic amylase level to near normal and limit the extent of structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okon Uduak Akpan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Rosemary Basiono Bassey
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Bisong Sunday Agba
- Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Asuquo Edegha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
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Colomeu TC, Figueiredo D, Cazarin CBB, Schumacher NSG, Maróstica MR, Meletti LMM, Zollner RL. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential of Passiflora alata Curtis aqueous leaves extract in type 1 diabetes mellitus (NOD-mice). Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:106-15. [PMID: 24269180 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of Passiflora alata Curtis were characterized for their antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant analyses of DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, ORAC and phenolic compounds were made in three different extracts: aqueous, methanol/acetone and ethanol. Aqueous extract was found to be the best solvent for recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, when compared with methanol/acetone and ethanol. To study the anti-inflammatory properties of this extract in experimental type 1 diabetes, NOD mice were divided into two groups: the P. alata group, treated with aqueous extract of P. alata Curtis, and a non-treated control group, followed by diabetes expression analysis. The consumption of aqueous extract and water ad libitum lasted 28 weeks. The treated-group presented a decrease in diabetes incidence, a low quantity of infiltrative cells in pancreatic islets and increased glutathione in the kidney and liver (p<0.05), when compared with the diabetic and non-diabetic control-groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that the consumption of aqueous extract of P. alata may be considered a good source of natural antioxidants and compounds found in its composition can act as anti-inflammatory agents, helping in the control of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Colomeu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - D Figueiredo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - C B B Cazarin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - N S G Schumacher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - M R Maróstica
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - L M M Meletti
- Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Av. Theodureto de Almeida Camargo, 1500, Vila Nova, 13012-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - R L Zollner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Tagore S, Chowdhury N, De RK. Analyzing methods for path mining with applications in metabolomics. Gene 2014; 534:125-38. [PMID: 24230973 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is one of the key approaches of systems biology that consists of studying biochemical networks having a set of metabolites, enzymes, reactions and their interactions. As biological networks are very complex in nature, proper techniques and models need to be chosen for their better understanding and interpretation. One of the useful strategies in this regard is using path mining strategies and graph-theoretical approaches that help in building hypothetical models and perform quantitative analysis. Furthermore, they also contribute to analyzing topological parameters in metabolome networks. Path mining techniques can be based on grammars, keys, patterns and indexing. Moreover, they can also be used for modeling metabolome networks, finding structural similarities between metabolites, in-silico metabolic engineering, shortest path estimation and for various graph-based analysis. In this manuscript, we have highlighted some core and applied areas of path-mining for modeling and analysis of metabolic networks.
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