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Zhang M, Guo X, Li J, Gao Z, Ji G, Zhang J, Buccolieri R. Urban-canopy airflow dynamics: A numerical investigation of drag forces and distribution for generic neighborhoods, and their relationships with breathability. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171836. [PMID: 38513853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Thorough investigations of urban-canopy drag primarily stemming from pressure drag on building surfaces are necessary given the turbulent flows within complex urban areas. Moreover, a gap persists regarding the relationships between canopy drag and breathability. Therefore, this work delves into the canopy-layer airflow dynamics for generic urban neighborhoods by performing three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations. A total of 32 subcases are examined, encompassing uniform- and varying-height and diverse plan area densities (λp, categorized into groups of sparse: 0.0625/0.067, medium: 0.23/0.25, and dense: 0.53/0.56). Results for the drag distribution highlight the windward-row shelter effect for the medium and the dense, local shelter by taller buildings, and distinct shapes of sectional drag forces (F⁎Z). Local velocity and mean age of air are found strongly positively and negatively correlated to F⁎Z, respectively, with distinct slopes in relation to λp. For the uniform-height, the normalized bulk drag (F⁎bulk, referred to as drag coefficient in literature) peaks for the medium with wake-interference regime; F⁎bulk demonstrates a maximum increase of over two times with height variation; moreover, F⁎bulk for varying-height groups exhibits a marked increase from the sparse to the medium, while remaining comparable values for the dense. The frontal area averaged drag (FAf,ave) exhibits a decreasing trend against λp across all cases. Further, FAf,ave exhibits strong correlations with λp and porosity, and with bulk ventilation indices such as spatially averaged velocity, air change rate, and normalized net escape velocity. Throughout the 'suburban-urban-suburban' canopy, medium neighborhoods exerting larger drag cause greater streamwise outdoor pressure drops and flow reductions compared to the sparse. However, dense neighborhoods with lower drag exhibit even larger pressure losses, which should be carefully scrutinized. The findings can inform urban planners in designing more aerodynamically efficient neighborhoods and guide strategies for improving air quality within urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Laboratory of Micrometeorology, University of Salento, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Guohua Ji
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianshun Zhang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Building Energy and Environmental Systems Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse 13210, NY, USA
| | - Riccardo Buccolieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Laboratory of Micrometeorology, University of Salento, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), S.P. Lecce-Monteroni km 1,2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Niu L, Zhang Z, Liang Y, van Vliet J. Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of the urban air pollution island effect for 2273 cities in China. Environ Int 2024; 184:108455. [PMID: 38277996 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution levels tend to be higher in urban areas than in surrounding rural areas, and this air pollution has a negative effect on human health. However, the spatiotemporal patterns of urban-rural air pollution differences and the determinants of these differences remain unclear. Here, we calculate the Urban Air Pollution Island (UAPI) intensity for PM2.5 and PM10 on a monthly, seasonal, and annual scale for 2273 cities in China from 2000 to 2020. Subsequently, we analyze the influence of urban characteristics using a combined approach of a two-way fixed effects model and a spatial Durbin model. Results show a strong downward trend in the UAPI intensity since 2013, with reductions ranging from 42 % to 61 % until 2020, for both pollutants and in summer as well as winter. Consistently, the proportion of the cities experiencing the UAPI phenomenon decreased from 94.5 % to 77.3 % for both PM2.5 and PM10. We find a significant influence of urban morphology on UAPI. Specifically, urban sprawl, polycentric development, and an increase in urban green spaces are associated with a reduction in UAPI, while dense urban areas intensify it. Our study also reveals a robust inverted U-shaped relationship between stages of economic development and UAPI. Moreover, economic development and air pollution itself show spillover effects that oppose their direct impacts. These results suggest that urban and regional planning and more ambitious climate change mitigation policies could be more effective strategies for mitigating air pollution in cities than end-of-pipe control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Niu
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Zhengfeng Zhang
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Yingzi Liang
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jasper van Vliet
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yao L, Liu CH, Brasseur GP, Chao CYH. Turbulent flow modification in the atmospheric surface layer over a dense city. Sci Total Environ 2024; 909:168315. [PMID: 37949130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Winds in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) over distinctive urban morphology are investigated by building-resolved large-eddy simulation (LES). The exponential law is applied to urban canopy layers (UCLs) unprecedentedly to parameterize vertical profiles of mean-wind-speed u¯z and examine the influence of morphological factors. The skewness of streamwise velocity Su is peaked at the zero-plane displacement d (drag center) where flows decelerate mostly. The dynamics and intermittency in roughness sublayers (RSLs) are further contrasted. It helps determine the critical strength of the organized structures (ejection, Q2 and sweep Q4) in their contributions to the average momentum transport (i.e., 3 to 5). Two key factors of the local-scale dynamics are revealed - building heterogeneity and upstream giant wakes that could amplify turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and energetic intermittent Q4 by different mechanisms. The former is conductive for large-eddy generation that promotes vertical fluctuating velocity w", stimulating intermittent, energetic Q2 and Q4. The latter, whose footprints are identified by the two-point correlation of streamwise velocity Ruu with specific size and inclination, facilitates intermittent, fast streamwise fluctuating velocity u", forming vigorous Q4. Nevertheless, excessive planar density λp (≈ 0.7) is detrimental to both transport processes. These findings contribute to the theoretical and empirical wall models of large-scale roughness that help urban planners and policymakers to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ho Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Guy P Brasseur
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher Y H Chao
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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El Samaty HS, Waseef AAE, Badawy NM. The effects of city morphology on airborne transmission of COVID-19. Case study: Port Said City, Egypt. Urban Clim 2023:101577. [PMID: 37362005 PMCID: PMC10258588 DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Looking beyond COVID-19 outbreak, Scholars continue to develop innovative approaches to bring the city on to health and safety. Recent studies have indicated that urban spaces could produce or propagate pathogens, which is an urgent topic at the city level. However, there is a dearth of studies investigating the interrelationship between urban morphology and pandemics outbreak at the neighborhood level. Accordingly, this research will trace the effect of cities morphologies on the rate of spread of COVID-19 through a simulation study held on five areas that form the urban morphology of Port Said City, using Envi-met software. Results are explored based on the degree of concentration and rate of diffusion of coronavirus particles. It was observed on a regular basis that wind speed has a directly proportional relationship with the diffusion of the particles and an inversely proportional relationship with the concentration of the particles. However, certain urban characteristics led to inconsistent and opposing results like wind tunnels, shaded arcades, height variance, and spacious in-between spaces. Moreover, it is obvious that the city morphology is being transformed over time toward safer conditions; urban areas constructed recently have low vulnerability to respiratory pandemics outbreak compared to older areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Salah El Samaty
- Dar Al Uloom University (DAU), College of Architectural Engineering and Digital Design, Al Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Port Said University, Faculty of Engineering, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning Dept., Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd Elaziz Waseef
- Port Said University, Faculty of Engineering, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning Dept., Port Said, Egypt
- Architectural Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology (UBT), Jeddah 21448, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nancy Mahmoud Badawy
- Port Said University, Faculty of Engineering, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning Dept., Port Said, Egypt
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Pessoa Colombo V, Chenal J, Orina F, Meme H, Koffi JDA, Koné B, Utzinger J. Environmental determinants of access to shared sanitation in informal settlements: a cross-sectional study in Abidjan and Nairobi. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:34. [PMID: 37038238 PMCID: PMC10084626 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal access to basic sanitation remains a global challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Efforts are underway to improve access to sanitation in informal settlements, often through shared facilities. However, access to these facilities and their potential health gains-notably, the prevention of diarrheal diseases-may be hampered by contextual aspects related to the physical environment. This study explored associations between the built environment and perceived safety to access toilets, and associations between the latter and diarrheal infections. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out between July 2021 and February 2022, including 1714 households in two informal settlements in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and two in Nairobi (Kenya). We employed adjusted odds ratios (aORs) obtained from multiple logistic regressions (MLRs) to test whether the location of the most frequently used toilet was associated with a perceived lack of safety to use the facility at any time, and whether this perceived insecurity was associated with a higher risk of diarrhea. The MLRs included several exposure and control variables, being stratified by city and age groups. We employed bivariate logistic regressions to test whether the perceived insecurity was associated with settlement morphology indicators derived from the built environment. RESULTS Using a toilet outside the premises was associated with a perceived insecurity both in Abidjan [aOR = 3.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-8.70] and in Nairobi (aOR = 57.97, 95% CI: 35.93-93.53). Perceived insecurity to access toilets was associated with diarrheal infections in the general population (aOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.29-2.79 in Abidjan, aOR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.22-2.34 in Nairobi), but not in children below the age of 5 years. Several settlement morphology features were associated with perceived insecurity, namely, buildings' compactness, the proportion of occupied land, and angular deviation between neighboring structures. CONCLUSIONS Toilet location was a critical determinant of perceived security, and hence, must be adequately addressed when building new facilities. The sole availability of facilities may be insufficient to prevent diarrheal infections. People must also be safe to use them. Further attention should be directed toward how the built environment affects safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Chenal
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Fred Orina
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen Meme
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Brama Koné
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Wu Z, Qiao R, Zhao S, Liu X, Gao S, Liu Z, Ao X, Zhou S, Wang Z, Jiang Q. Nonlinear forces in urban thermal environment using Bayesian optimization-based ensemble learning. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156348. [PMID: 35662603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization witnessed unprecedented development globally, which causes citizens and urban temperature to become increasingly intertwined. Although researchers were interested in the field, most studies focused on holistic linear links between the characteristics of the urban built-up environment and temperature. The study used Bayesian optimization ensemble learning and Shapley value to decouple the urban thermal environment by Landsat satellite data. This work's novelties reveal the specific driving effect of different value ranges of urban features in the overall process on the urban thermal environment and advancing an optimum observation buffer zone of the urban surface temperature. The study's results were only for daytime and Beijing scope. The following are the main findings: (1) The 2 km observation buffer zone is best to analyze the urban thermal environment for this dataset. (2) The ecological environment factors have a more significant effect on the urban temperature than the urban morphology factors. (3) In summer, when the vegetation coverage exceeds 58.1%, every 10% increase could reduce the temperature by 0.84 °C. In contrast to summer, when vegetation coverage exceeds 64.7% and 73.2%, respectively, in spring and fall, there will be a significant marginal utility. (4) The effect of the building height has seasonal variations. It has the greatest cooling effect in the spring when the height is between 18 m and 75 m, and the daytime surface temperature at the time of Landsat overpass will drop by 1.25 °C. These findings will aid in understanding how building construction influences urban surface temperature and provide statistical support for planners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wu
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Renlu Qiao
- Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Shuo Gao
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom; St Hilda's College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX4 1DY, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- School of Design & Innovation, Tongji University, 281 Fuxin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Tongji Institute of Urban Planning and Design, 1111 North Zhongshan No.2 Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- School of Design & Innovation, Tongji University, 281 Fuxin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhensheng Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Theories, Peng Cheng Laboratory, 2 Xingke No.1 Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Qingrui Jiang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China
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7
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Javanroodi K, Nik VM, Giometto MG, Scartezzini JL. Combining computational fluid dynamics and neural networks to characterize microclimate extremes: Learning the complex interactions between meso-climate and urban morphology. Sci Total Environ 2022; 829:154223. [PMID: 35245539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The urban form and extreme microclimate events can have an important impact on the energy performance of buildings, urban comfort and human health. State-of-the-art building energy simulations require information on the urban microclimate, but typically rely on ad-hoc numerical simulations, expensive in-situ measurements, or data from nearby weather stations. As such, they do not account for the full range of possible urban microclimate variability and findings cannot be generalized across urban morphologies. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study proposes two data-driven models to downscale climate variables from the meso to the micro scale in arbitrary urban morphologies, with a focus on extreme climate conditions. The models are based on a feedforward and a deep neural network (NN) architecture, and are trained using results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of flow over a series of idealized but representative urban environments, spanning a realistic range of urban morphologies. Both models feature a relatively good agreement with corresponding CFD training data, with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.91 (R2 = 0.89) and R2 = 0.94 (R2 = 0.92) for spatially-distributed wind magnitude and air temperature for the deep NN (feedforward NN). The models generalize well for unseen urban morphologies and mesoscale input data that are within the training bounds in the parameter space, with a R2 = 0.74 (R2 = 0.69) and R2 = 0.81 (R2 = 0.74) for wind magnitude and air temperature for the deep NN (feedforward NN). The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed CFD-NN models makes them well suited for the design of climate-resilient buildings at the early design stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavan Javanroodi
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vahid M Nik
- Division of Building Physics, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Lund University, Sweden; Division of Building Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
| | - Marco G Giometto
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, United States of America.
| | - Jean-Louis Scartezzini
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Todeschi V, Javanroodi K, Castello R, Mohajeri N, Mutani G, Scartezzini JL. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the energy performance of residential neighborhoods and their occupancy behavior. Sustain Cities Soc 2022; 82:103896. [PMID: 35433236 PMCID: PMC9001180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several contrasting effects are reported in the existing literature concerning the impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on the use of energy in buildings. Following an in-depth literature review, we here propose a GIS-based approach, based on pre-pandemic, partial, and full lockdown scenarios, using a bottom-up engineering model to quantify these impacts. The model has been verified against measured energy data from a total number of 451 buildings in three urban neighborhoods in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The accuracy of the engineering model in predicting the energy demand has been improved by 10%, in terms of the mean absolute percentage error, as a result of adopting a data-driven correction with a random forest algorithm. The obtained results show that the energy demand for space heating and cooling tended to increase by 8% and 17%, respectively, during the partial lockdown, while these numbers rose to 13% and 28% in the case of the full lockdown. The study also reveals that the introduced detailed occupancy scenarios are the key to improving the accuracy of urban building energy models (UBEMs). Finally, it is shown that the proposed GIS-based approach can be used to mitigate the expected impacts of any possible future pandemic in urban neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Todeschi
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Future Urban Legacy Lab (FULL), Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Kavan Javanroodi
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Castello
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Data Science Center (SDSC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahid Mohajeri
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guglielmina Mutani
- Responsible Risk Resilience Centre (R3C), Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jean-Louis Scartezzini
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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da Silva FT, Reis NC, Santos JM, Goulart EV, de Alvarez CE. Influence of urban form on air quality: The combined effect of block typology and urban planning indices on city breathability. Sci Total Environ 2022; 814:152670. [PMID: 34979224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban morphology affects airflow, causing pollutant accumulation within the urban canopy. Urban planning can regulate urban form by applying such strategies as defining urban block typology and stipulating urban indices. Consequently, urban planning can contribute to a healthy environment. In this context, modeling pollutant dispersion can assist urban planning decisions. Nonetheless, there is a lack of studies investigating the combined impact of urban block typology and urban indices on air quality. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of these combined strategies on pollutant dispersion. Using computational fluid dynamics techniques, we investigated three combinations of urban indices (floor area ratio, surface coverage, and height) for three urban block typologies (single-block, detached building, and central courtyard). A total of nine urban configurations were distributed into three sets of urban index values for the three block typologies, namely "basic cases," "1-cases," and "2-cases." We used the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the κ-ω SST turbulence model for the numerical simulations. The validation was conducted using wind tunnel experimental data. To assess city breathability at pedestrian height we used five parameters: pollutant concentration, the mean age of air, net escape velocity, and pollutant mass fluxes. The results showed that both strategies (i.e., block typology and urban indices) affect urban air quality. However, the performance of a block typology depends on the urban index values. For instance, in the "2-cases," decreasing the surface coverage by increasing the building's height improved ventilation efficiency in all typologies. Nonetheless, this strategy changed the performance ranking of the "basic cases." In "basic cases" the single-block typology had the best performance; in the "2-cases," the courtyard typology performed best. Although the courtyard typology improved air quality inside the patio, the outdoor areas displayed more pollutant concentration. Finally, general orientations to developing urban planning strategies were formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Trindade da Silva
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Valentim Goulart
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29.075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Engel de Alvarez
- Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29.075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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10
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Palusci O, Monti P, Cecere C, Montazeri H, Blocken B. Impact of morphological parameters on urban ventilation in compact cities: The case of the Tuscolano-Don Bosco district in Rome. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:150490. [PMID: 34666221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and heat stress are major concerns associated with the liveability, resilience and sustainability of cities. They directly affect health and comfort and are associated with augmented morbidity and mortality and an increase in the energy demand for building ventilation, air cleaning and cooling. Nevertheless, the detrimental effects of poor air quality may partly be mitigated by increased urban ventilation. This strategy is closely related to the level of urbanization and the urban morphology. Therefore, detailed investigations on the impact of different morphologies on urban ventilation are of paramount importance. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations have been widely used during the last decades to investigate the effects of the urban morphology on the urban ventilation. However, most of these studies focused on idealized building arrangements, while detailed investigations about the role of real urban morphologies are scarce. This study investigates the ventilation in a compact area in the city of Rome, Italy. 3D steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations are performed to analyze the impact of Morphological Parameters (MP) on the urban ventilation. The results show a considerable worsening of urban ventilation with increasing building density with a reduction in the mean wind velocity up to 62% experienced at the pedestrian level (zp). Correlations between five MPs, e.g., plan area density, area-weighted mean building height, volume density, façade area density, and non-dimensional mean velocity at pedestrian level and at 10 m height are evaluated, and simple models are obtained using linear regression analysis. Among the selected MPs, the building façade area density shows a remarkable correlation with the non-dimensional mean velocity at zp (R2 = 0.82). Such correlations can be valuable tools for practitioners and urban designers, particularly during the first stage of planning, for highlighting areas potentially vulnerable to poor air conditions without running computationally expensive simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Palusci
- Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Building Physics and Services, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Paolo Monti
- Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cecere
- Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Hamid Montazeri
- Building Physics and Services, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Blocken
- Building Physics and Services, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Building Physics and Sustainable Design, Department of Civil Engineering, Leuven University, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40 - bus 2447, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Zhu XX, Qiu C, Hu J, Shi Y, Wang Y, Schmitt M, Taubenböck H. The urban morphology on our planet - Global perspectives from space. Remote Sens Environ 2022; 269:112794. [PMID: 35115734 PMCID: PMC8783056 DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is the second largest mega-trend right after climate change. Accurate measurements of urban morphological and demographic figures are at the core of many international endeavors to address issues of urbanization, such as the United Nations' call for "Sustainable Cities and Communities". In many countries - particularly developing countries -, however, this database does not yet exist. Here, we demonstrate a novel deep learning and big data analytics approach to fuse freely available global radar and multi-spectral satellite data, acquired by the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites. Via this approach, we created the first-ever global and quality controlled urban local climate zones classification covering all cities across the globe with a population greater than 300,000 and made it available to the community (https://doi.org/10.14459/2021mp1633461). Statistical analysis of the data quantifies a global inequality problem: approximately 40% of the area defined as compact or light/large low-rise accommodates about 60% of the total population, whereas approximately 30% of the area defined as sparsely built accommodates only about 10% of the total population. Beyond, patterns of urban morphology were discovered from the global classification map, confirming a morphologic relationship to the geographical region and related cultural heritage. We expect the open access of our dataset to encourage research on the global change process of urbanization, as a multidisciplinary crowd of researchers will use this baseline for spatial perspective in their work. In addition, it can serve as a unique dataset for stakeholders such as the United Nations to improve their spatial assessments of urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiang Zhu
- Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, Munich 80333, Germany
- Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, Münchener Straße 20, Weßling 82234, Germany
| | - Chunping Qiu
- Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Jingliang Hu
- Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Yilei Shi
- Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Chair of Remote Sensing Technology, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, Munich 80333, Germany
- Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, Münchener Straße 20, Weßling 82234, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Hannes Taubenböck
- Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center, Münchener Straße 20, Weßling 82234, Germany
- Institute for Geography and Geology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Montealegre AL, García-Pérez S, Guillén-Lambea S, Monzón-Chavarrías M, Sierra-Pérez J. GIS-based assessment for the potential of implementation of food-energy-water systems on building rooftops at the urban level. Sci Total Environ 2022; 803:149963. [PMID: 34496343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This research develops a bottom-up procedure to assess the potential of food-energy-water (FEW) systems on the rooftops of buildings in an urban district in Spain considering the urban morphology of the built environment and obtains accurate assessments of production and developmental patterns. A multicriteria decision-making technique implemented in a geographical information system (GIS) environment was used to extract suitable rooftop areas. To implement this method, the slope (tilt), aspect (azimuth), shading, and solar radiation of the rooftops were calculated using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data and building footprints. The potential of FEW system implementation was analysed at the building and morphology levels. The results showed several differences between residential and non-residential urban morphologies. Industrial areas contained the highest productivity for FEW systems. The production was 2.51 kg of tomatoes/m2, 48 kWh of photovoltaic energy/m2, and 0.16 l of rainwater/m2. Regarding the residential urban morphologies, the more compact tents resulted in better performance. Among the FEW systems, although water could best benefit from the features of the entire roof surface, the best production results were achieved by energy. The food system is less efficient in the built environment since it requires flat roofs. The methodology presented can be applied in any city, and it is considered optimal in the European context for the development of self-production strategies for urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Montealegre
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza, Academia General Militar, Ctra. de Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain; GEOFOREST-IUCA Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - S García-Pérez
- Department of Architecture, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - S Guillén-Lambea
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza, Academia General Militar, Ctra. de Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain; Thermal Engineering and Energy Systems Group (GITSE), Aragón Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - M Monzón-Chavarrías
- Department of Architecture, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - J Sierra-Pérez
- Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Water and Environmental Health-IUCA Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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13
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Xu H, Chen H. Impact of urban morphology on the spatial and temporal distribution of PM 2.5 concentration: A numerical simulation with WRF/CMAQ model in Wuhan, China. J Environ Manage 2021; 290:112427. [PMID: 33895455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The urban morphology can significantly change the urban microclimate, which in turn affects the diffusion of air pollutants. Urban planning is the most important means of shaping urban morphology. Therefore, this study takes Wuhan as an example and uses the method of WRF/CMAQ coupled UCM model to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in the Wuhan metropolitan area in winter 2015. The six most important urban morphological indicators in urban planning: the floor area ratio and building height, building density and building width, vegetation coverage ratio, and urban fraction, are selected and classified into three groups. Studying their impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of PM2.5 concentration provides support for urban planners to improve air quality. The results show that the maximum value of PM2.5 concentration in Wuhan urban area occurs in the morning rush hour, and PM2.5 is distributed concentrically in the downtown of the city (within the second ring highway) according to the highways around the city. The PM2.5 concentration in the downtown area with the most extensive urban morphological index is the highest, and it decreases with increasing distance from the downtown. Among the six indicators, building density and urban fraction have the most significant impact on PM2.5 concentration because they have the greatest impact on the wind speed at 10 m. The height of the planetary boundary layer is the key factors affect the vertical and horizontal diffusion of air pollutants. Except for the vegetation coverage ratio, the increase of other urban morphological indicators will lead to a decrease of PM2.5 concentration in Wuhan urban area at night. During the daytime, increasing the floor area ratio and building height will cause an increasing of PM2.5 concentration, but other indicators have the opposite effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Xu
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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14
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Tong H, Kang J. Characteristics of noise complaints and the associations with urban morphology: A comparison across densities. Environ Res 2021; 197:111045. [PMID: 33745930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterise spatial-temporal distribution of noise complaints across urban areas with different densities and to analyse the associations between urban morphology and noise complaints. Taking New York City as the study area, crowdsourced noise complaint and urban morphology datasets from the government's open data source were statistically analysed. The results suggest that between boroughs the characteristics of noise complaints are different, in terms of their spatial-temporal distribution, their relation to transport network, land use, and building morphology. Noise complaints were clustered around the highest density area (Manhattan). The rate of noise complaints showed a year-on-year increase, peaking in autumn and spring. The rate of noise complaints is higher in areas with higher densities and roads that are 20-40 m wide, closer to road crossings, and in enclosed blocks. The relationships between noise complaints and urban morphology are weaker in high-density boroughs than in other boroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tong
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett, University College London, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Jian Kang
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett, University College London, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom.
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15
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Ulubaş Hamurcu A, Terzi F. Modelling Socio-Spatial Change: Istanbul, Kadıköy Case. Soc Indic Res 2021; 158:439-457. [PMID: 34025005 PMCID: PMC8124094 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-021-02703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to understand the relationship between social structure and morphological character based on a case area from Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey considering several independent (cultural diversity, family type, income level, ownership status) and dependent (land use type, land cover, building type, building layout, settlement type, settlement pattern, street pattern, commercial pattern) variables. Existing data is processed in two steps and analyzed by categorical regression. Results of the study show that urban character of the Kadıköy historical city center is closely related with family type, income level and cultural diversity. As this study has unique contributions in search for alternative methodologies to overcome limitations in the availability of data, it is expected to open new dimensions for further studies in social sciences and urban studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Ulubaş Hamurcu
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Harbiye Mah., Taşkışla Cad No: 2 Şişli, 34367 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Terzi
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Harbiye Mah., Taşkışla Cad No: 2 Şişli, 34367 İstanbul, Turkey
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16
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Liu Y, Li Q, Yang L, Mu K, Zhang M, Liu J. Urban heat island effects of various urban morphologies under regional climate conditions. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140589. [PMID: 32758818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the effects of regional climate conditions on urban heat islands (UHIs) focused mostly on surface UHIs, whereas few considered canopy layer UHIs. In the present study, a numerical modeling method is used to investigate the impacts of regional climate conditions on canopy layer UHIs at the district scale while controlling for the urban morphology. The urban morphology is classified according to the local climate zone (LCZ) system as LCZ1-LCZ6. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the urban heat island intensity (UHII) show that the nighttime and daytime UHII are most significantly correlated with the air temperature and wind speed, respectively. In five typical cities, LCZ1 has the most obvious urban heat island (UHI) effect, with an average annual UHII of 1-2.3 °C, which is about 1.5 times that for LCZ4. Reducing the building density has more significant influence on mitigating the UHI effect, where reducing the building height and building density reduce the heat island degree-hours (HIdh) by about 20% and 30%, respectively. The relationships between the UHII and meteorological conditions vary among different periods. For example, the correlation between UHII and average wind speed is more significant in the winter and at night. Our results help to understand the relationships between regional climate conditions and the canopy layer UHI at the district scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China; School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China; School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China; School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China.
| | - Kaikai Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China; School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China
| | - Moyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China; School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China
| | - Jiaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China; School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, PR China
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17
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Gardes T, Schoetter R, Hidalgo J, Long N, Marquès E, Masson V. Statistical prediction of the nocturnal urban heat island intensity based on urban morphology and geographical factors - An investigation based on numerical model results for a large ensemble of French cities. Sci Total Environ 2020; 737:139253. [PMID: 32783817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Taking into account meteorological data in urban planning increases in relevance in the context of changing climate and enhanced urbanisation. The present article focusses on the nocturnal urban heat island intensity (UHII) simulated with a physically based atmospheric model for >200,000 Reference Spatial Units (RSU), which correspond to building patches delimited by roads or water bodies in 42 French urban agglomerations. First are investigated the statistical relationships between the UHII and six predictors: Local Climate Zone, distance to the agglomeration centre, population, distance to the coast, climatic region, and elevation differences. It is found that the maximum UHII of an agglomeration increases proportional to the logarithm of its population, decreases for cities closer than 10 km to the coast, and is shaped by the regional climate. Secondly, a Random Forest model and a regression-based model are developed to predict the UHII based on the predictors. The advantage of the regression-based model is that it is easier to understand than the black box Random Forest model. The Random Forest model is able to predict the UHII with <0.5 K absolute error for 54% of the RSU. The regression-based model performs slightly worse than the Random Forest model and predicts the UHII with <0.5 K absolute error for 52% of the RSU. A future challenge is to conduct a similar investigation at global scale, which is to date limited by the availability of a robust description of urban form and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gardes
- CNRM UMR 3589, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Météo-France/CNRS, 42, avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France.
| | - Robert Schoetter
- CNRM UMR 3589, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Météo-France/CNRS, 42, avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Hidalgo
- LISST, Université Fédérale de Toulouse - CNRS, 5, allées Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Long
- UMR LIENSs, La Rochelle Université - CNRS, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Eva Marquès
- CNRM UMR 3589, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Météo-France/CNRS, 42, avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Valéry Masson
- CNRM UMR 3589, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Météo-France/CNRS, 42, avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
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18
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Mashhoodi B, Stead D, van Timmeren A. Spatializing household energy consumption in the Netherlands: Socioeconomic, urban morphology, microclimate, land surface temperature and vegetation data. Data Brief 2020; 29:105118. [PMID: 31989011 PMCID: PMC6970170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Household energy consumption (HEC) is affected by a variety of determinants. In addition to the level of HEC in 2612 residential zones in the Netherlands (the so-called wijk) in 2014, this dataset provides a geographically-referenced data of 11 determinants of HEC on: (1) socioeconomic characteristics - namely income per capita, household size, population density; (2) urban morphology -namely buildings' surface to volume ratio, building age; (3) microclimate factors -namely number of summer days, number of frost days, humidity, wind speed at 10 m height; (4) land surface temperature; (5) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The dataset is initially prepared for an analysis titled as "Land surface temperature and households' energy consumption: who is affected and where?" [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardia Mashhoodi
- Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, The Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Dominic Stead
- Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, The Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Timmeren
- Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, The Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Vasilikou C, Nikolopoulou M. Outdoor thermal comfort for pedestrians in movement: thermal walks in complex urban morphology. Int J Biometeorol 2020; 64:277-291. [PMID: 31515611 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the discussion of designing for a healthier city, people in movement between interconnected spaces perform a non-sedentary activity enhancing sustainability and well-being. However, adverse weather conditions may create uncomfortable thermal sensations that change or ruin the experience of people walking outdoors. This paper is presenting the findings of a 3-year study on the perceptual variation of thermo-spatial conditions and comfort state for pedestrians moving between interconnected spaces. Thermal walks were organised in two European pedestrian routes of 500-m length. The structured walks were conducted with simultaneous microclimatic monitoring and field surveys of thermal perception based on 314 questionnaires, with a focus on the variation of comfort states. The findings suggest that spaces in sequence do not affect significantly microclimatic variation but have a large impact on the dynamic thermal perception of pedestrians. Interconnected spaces of high density result in a differentiation of thermal pleasantness between streets and squares. The aspect of movement along with complexity in urban morphology along a sequence enhances diversity in thermal sensation. This understanding opens possibilities in developing a multisensory-centred urbanism, where the experience of the thermal environment plays an integral role for perception-driven and healthier urban design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vasilikou
- Urban Living Research Group, School of Architecture, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
- The Old Library Building, School of Architecture, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 5AQ, UK.
| | - Marialena Nikolopoulou
- Centre for Architecture and Sustainable Environment, Kent School of Architecture, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Marlowe Building, School of Architecture & Planning, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK
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20
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D'Acci L. A new type of cities for liveable futures. Isobenefit Urbanism morphogenesis. J Environ Manage 2019; 246:128-140. [PMID: 31176977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Future cities? A morphogenetic code idea is presented. We need a conceptually different concept of cities which paradigmatically shifts their forms and structures toward more liveable future environments, both for us and our planet. The Isobenefit Urbanism is conceived within a medium-long term perspective mixing a macro top-down planning with a micro bottom-up spontaneous evolution in an attempt to moderate the human forces which typically induce agglomeration benefits and costs, maintaining the former while limiting the latter. It indicates a simple urban morphogenetic code to generate cities that are walkable, carless, low carbon, connected, compact, multifunctional settlements throughout nature, with unplanned forms and dinamically unlimitedly changeable/extendable, in which one can feel both urbanity and nature. By holding constant the number of inhabitants of a usual city/megacity, its Isobenefit city counterpart would enjoy the same (or greater) economies of scale benefits but without most of their costs. The Isobenefit Urbanism model might offer a potential solution to wild cementification, urban heat island effects, destruction of natural land and biodiversity, carbon emissions, congestion, air pollution, urbanicity and mental well-being, as well as provide a model to host the 3 billion new urban dwellers of the next few decades. Its ambition is to enjoy the economies of agglomeration without incurring to their diseconomies, manifested by sublinear and superlinear outputs scaling with city (population) size, typically infrastructural the former and socioeconomic the latter, without misusing lands and compromising daily rural/natural contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D'Acci
- Politecnico di Torino, Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning, Italy; Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Netherlands.
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21
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Zhou X, Chen H. Impact of urbanization-related land use land cover changes and urban morphology changes on the urban heat island phenomenon. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:1467-1476. [PMID: 29710597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban growth and development caused by urbanization influence the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. With the rapid development of urbanization, China's major cities are facing more serious climate change problems, especially the UHI phenomenon. Proper planning and urban design of compact cities may improve the ventilation of street canyons and change the heat balance in the urban canopy and thus mitigate the UHI phenomenon. The aim of this study is to evaluate and discuss the mitigation of UHI with different types of land-use and land-cover (LUCC), as well as different development patterns for compact cities. To this end, we applied the weather research and forecasting model (WRF) with urban canopy model (WRF/UCM) in this study. To evaluate the impact of LUCC changes on the UHI, we set 2 cases based on land use and land cover statistical data from 1965 and 2008 of Wuhan. Also, to evaluate the impact of urban morphology changes on the UHI, we designed 2 hypothetical cases based on 2 different urban developing patterns, one is high rise case and another is high density case, to simulate the impact of urban morphology on the UHI. As for the results of this study, with different LUCC of 1965 and 2008, UHI intensity of Wuhan increased by 0.2 °C-0.4 °C in average. Moreover, the critical wind speed which can mitigate UHI of case 1965 is much lower than case 2008. With different urban morphology, the high-rise case may lead to lower UHI intensity at the pedestrian level due to the shading effects of high-rise buildings. However, the critical value of wind speed in the high-rise case was almost 1.5-2 times greater than that of the high-density case, which illustrates the reduced possibility of mitigating the UHI phenomenon for high-rise buildings in Wuhan City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefan Zhou
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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22
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Drach P, Krüger EL, Emmanuel R. Effects of atmospheric stability and urban morphology on daytime intra-urban temperature variability for Glasgow, UK. Sci Total Environ 2018; 627:782-791. [PMID: 29426203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the joint effect of atmospheric conditions and urban morphology, expressed as the Sky View Factor (SVF), on intra-urban variability. The study has been carried out in Glasgow, UK, a shrinking city with a maritime temperate climate type, and findings could guide future climate adaptation plans in terms of morphology and services provided by the municipality to overcome thermal discomfort in outdoor settings. In this case, SVF has been used as an indicator of urban morphology. The modified Pasquill-Gifford-Turner (PGT) classification system was adopted for classifying the temperature monitoring periods according to atmospheric stability conditions. Thirty two locations were selected on the basis of SVF with a wide variety of urban shapes (narrow streets, neighbourhood green spaces, urban parks, street canyons and public squares) and compared to a reference weather station during a total of twenty three transects during late spring and summer in 2013. Maximum daytime intra-urban temperature differences were found to be strongly correlated with atmospheric stability classes. Furthermore, differences in air temperature are noticeable in urban canyons, with a direct correlation to the site's SVF (or sky openness) and with an inverse trend under open-air conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Drach
- Departamento de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo L Krüger
- Departamento de Construção Civil, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Curitiba - Sede Ecoville, Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, 4900, 81280-340 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rohinton Emmanuel
- Glasgow Caledonian University, School of the Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow, UK.
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Liu Y, Wu J, Yu D, Ma Q. The relationship between urban form and air pollution depends on seasonality and city size. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:15554-15567. [PMID: 29569205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how urban form is related to air pollution is important to urban planning and sustainability, but the urban form-air pollution relationship is currently muddled by inconsistent findings. In this study, we investigated how the compositional and configurational attributes of urban form were related to different air pollution measures (PM2.5, API, and exceedance) in 83 Chinese cities, with explicit consideration of city size and seasonality. Ten landscape metrics were selected to quantify urban form attributes, and Spearman's correlation was used to quantify the urban form-air pollution relationship. Our results show that the urban form and air pollution relationship was dominated by city size and moderated by seasonality. Specifically, urban air pollution levels increased consistently and substantially from small to medium, large, and megacities. The urban form-air pollution relationship depended greatly on seasonality and monsoons. That is, the relationship was more pronounced in spring and summer than fall and winter, as well as in cities affected by monsoons. Urban air pollution was correlated more strongly with landscape composition metrics than landscape configuration metrics which seemed to affect only PM2.5 concentrations. Our study suggests that, to understand how air pollution levels are related to urban form, city size and seasonality must be explicitly considered (or controlled). Also, in order to mitigate urban air pollution problems, regional urban planning is needed to curb the spatial extent of built-up areas, reduce the degree of urban fragmentation, and increase urban compactness and contiguity, especially for large and megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Liu
- Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinJieKouWai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinJieKouWai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Deyong Yu
- Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinJieKouWai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qun Ma
- Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinJieKouWai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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Chen YC, Yao CK, Honjo T, Lin TP. The application of a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN): Dynamic variation characteristics of urban heat island in Tainan, Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 2018; 626:555-566. [PMID: 29353794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of urban heat island (UHI) have recently become a crucial issue. This study utilized a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN) to understand the UHI characteristics in Tainan City. A total of 100 measurement points were established throughout the city. The average distance between two neighboring measuring points was 1.9 km in rural areas and 0.8 km in metropolitan areas. The UHI caused a temperature differences of at least 3 °C in each month over the study period, and the UHI's centric point moved from west to east during the day and from east to west at night, mainly because of the physical effects of the different urban environment including location and the impermeable surface area (ISA), total floor area, and sky view factor in urban areas. The results also indicated that factors such as ISA and distance to the coast had the strongest influence on thermal conditions at various times, especially in the areas far from the coast during the hot season. This was mainly because of differences in how heat was retained over the study area. The HiSAN method can be used by urban planners, architects, and policymakers to mitigate the thermal stresses caused by complex urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., East Dist., Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuei Yao
- Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., East Dist., Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tsuyoshi Honjo
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Science, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo., Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tzu-Ping Lin
- Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., East Dist., Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Jochem WC, Bird TJ, Tatem AJ. Identifying residential neighbourhood types from settlement points in a machine learning approach. Comput Environ Urban Syst 2018; 69:104-113. [PMID: 29725149 PMCID: PMC5863080 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing techniques are now commonly applied to map and monitor urban land uses to measure growth and to assist with development and planning. Recent work in this area has highlighted the use of textures and other spatial features that can be measured in very high spatial resolution imagery. Far less attention has been given to using geospatial vector data (i.e. points, lines, polygons) to map land uses. This paper presents an approach to distinguish residential settlement types (regular vs. irregular) using an existing database of settlement points locating structures. Nine data features describing the density, distance, angles, and spacing of the settlement points are calculated at multiple spatial scales. These data are analysed alone and with five common remote sensing measures on elevation, slope, vegetation, and nighttime lights in a supervised machine learning approach to classify land use areas. The method was tested in seven provinces of Afghanistan (Balkh, Helmand, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunduz, Nangarhar). Overall accuracy ranged from 78% in Kandahar to 90% in Nangarhar. This research demonstrates the potential to accurately map land uses from even the simplest representation of structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren C. Jochem
- Corresponding author at: WorldPop at University of Southampton, Geography and Environment, Cumberland House, Grosvenor Square, Southampton, SO15 2BG, United Kingdom.WorldPop at University of SouthamptonGeography and EnvironmentCumberland HouseGrosvenor SquareSO15 2BGUnited Kingdom
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Han X, Huang X, Liang H, Ma S, Gong J. Analysis of the relationships between environmental noise and urban morphology. Environ Pollut 2018; 233:755-763. [PMID: 29127933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of urban morphology on urban environmental noise (UEN) at a regional scale is crucial for creating a pleasant urban acoustic environment. This study seeks to investigate how the urban morphology influences the UEN in the Shenzhen metropolitan region of China, by employing remote sensing and geographic information data. The UEN in this study consists of not only regional environmental noise (RN), but also traffic noise (TN). The experimental results reveal the following findings: 1) RN is positively correlated with the nighttime light intensity (NTL) and land surface temperature (LST) (p < 0.05). More interestingly, landscape composition and configuration can also significantly affect RN. For instance, urban vegetation can mitigate the RN (r = -0.411, p < 0.01). There is a reduced RN effect when fewer buildings exist in an urban landscape, in terms of the positive relationship between building density and RN (r = 0.188, p < 0.01). Given the same percentage of building area, buildings are more effective at reducing noise when they are distributed across the urban scenes, rather than being spatially concentrated (r = -0.205, p < 0.01). 2) TN positively relates to large (r = 0.520, p < 0.01) and small-medium (r = 0.508, p < 0.01) vehicle flow. In addition, vegetation along or near roads can alleviate the TN effect (r = -0.342, p < 0.01). TN can also become more severe in urban landscapes where there is higher road density (r = 0.307, p < 0.01). 3) Concerning the urban functional zones, traffic land is the greatest contributor to urban RN, followed by mixed residential and commercial land. The findings revealed by this research will indicate how to mitigate UEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Hong Liang
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Centre, Shenzhen 518049, PR China
| | - Song Ma
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Centre, Shenzhen 518049, PR China
| | - Jianya Gong
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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27
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Song GS, Jeong MA. Morphology of pedestrian roads and thermal responses during summer, in the urban area of Bucheon city, Korea. Int J Biometeorol 2016; 60:999-1014. [PMID: 26542018 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of urban morphology representing sky view factor (SVF) on urban microclimate and on human thermal responses. The physical environments and the changes in body temperatures as well as psychological responses were investigated in summer in Bucheon, Korea. The dry bulb temperature ranged from 31.5 °C at SVF 0.082 site to 35.7 °C at SVF 0.922 site. Most of the environmental elements were statistically correlated to the SVF: the dry bulb temperature R (2) = 0.602, UVB R (2) = 0.556 and the illumination level R (2) = 0.609. The mean skin temperature increased up to 36.0 °C at the SVF 0.940 site and decreased to 33.9 °C at the SVF 0.082 site. The mean skin temperature was statistically correlated to the SVF (p = 0.005). However, the core body temperature was not correlated to SVF because of time delay effect to the previously exposed thermal environment. In the investigation of thermal acceptability, only 5 % of subjects were dissatisfied with the road that was covered with plentiful trees; in contrast, approximately 50 % of subjects were dissatisfied with the road with poor solar obstacles in the summer. The thermal stress was affected by the urban morphology, and the plentiful urban greening improved thermal comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gook-Sup Song
- Department of Architecture, Bucheon University, Bucheonsi, 424 Simgok-dong Wonmi-gu Bucheon, Si Geongkido, 420-735, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Ae Jeong
- Department of Forest Welfare, Korea Forest Research Institute, Dondaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-712, Republic of Korea
- Graduate school of environmental studies, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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28
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Ariza-Villaverde AB, Jiménez-Hornero FJ, Gutiérrez De Ravé E. Influence of urban morphology on total noise pollution: multifractal description. Sci Total Environ 2014; 472:1-8. [PMID: 24286721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient noise levels above 65 dB can cause public health problems. The spatial distribution of this kind of pollution is linked to various elements which make up the urban form, such as construction density, the existence of open spaces and the shape and physical position of buildings. Since urban morphology displays multifractal behaviour, the present research studies for the first time the relationship between total noise pollution and urban features, such as street width and building height by means of a joint multifractal spectrum in two neighbourhoods of the city of Cordoba (Andalusia, Spain). According to the results, the joint multifractal spectrum reveals a positive correlation between the total noise pollution and the street width to building height ratio, this being more evident when urban morphology is regular. The information provided by the multifractal analysis completes the description obtained by using urban indexes and landscape metrics and might be useful for urban planning once the linkage between both frameworks has been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Ariza-Villaverde
- Department of Graphic Engineering and Geomatics, University of Cordoba, Gregor Mendel Building (3rd floor), Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Jiménez-Hornero
- Department of Graphic Engineering and Geomatics, University of Cordoba, Gregor Mendel Building (3rd floor), Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez De Ravé
- Department of Graphic Engineering and Geomatics, University of Cordoba, Gregor Mendel Building (3rd floor), Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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