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Estruch G, Collado MC, Monge-Ortiz R, Tomás-Vidal A, Jover-Cerdá M, Peñaranda DS, Pérez Martínez G, Martínez-Llorens S. Long-term feeding with high plant protein based diets in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) leads to changes in the inflammatory and immune related gene expression at intestinal level. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:302. [PMID: 30285734 PMCID: PMC6171182 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to ensure sustainability of aquaculture production of carnivourous fish species such as the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.), the impact of the inclusion of alternative protein sources to fishmeal, including plants, has been assessed. With the aim of evaluating long-term effects of vegetable diets on growth and intestinal status of the on-growing gilthead seabream (initial weight = 129 g), three experimental diets were tested: a strict plant protein-based diet (VM), a fishmeal based diet (FM) and a plant protein-based diet with 15% of marine ingredients (squid and krill meal) alternative to fishmeal (VM+). Intestines were sampled after 154 days. Besides studying growth parameters and survival, the gene expression related to inflammatory response, immune system, epithelia integrity and digestive process was analysed in the foregut and hindgut sections, as well as different histological parameters in the foregut. Results There were no differences in growth performance (p = 0.2703) and feed utilization (p = 0.1536), although a greater fish mortality was recorded in the VM group (p = 0.0141). In addition, this group reported a lower expression in genes related to pro-inflammatory response, as Interleukine-1β (il1β, p = 0.0415), Interleukine-6 (il6, p = 0.0347) and cyclooxigenase-2 (cox2, p = 0.0014), immune-related genes as immunoglobulin M (igm, p = 0.0002) or bacterial defence genes as alkaline phosphatase (alp, p = 0.0069). In contrast, the VM+ group yielded similar survival rate to FM (p = 0.0141) and the gene expression patterns indicated a greater induction of the inflammatory and immune markers (il1β, cox2 and igm). However, major histological changes in gut were not detected. Conclusions Using plants as the unique source of protein on a long term basis, replacing fishmeal in aqua feeds for gilthead seabream, may have been the reason of a decrease in the level of different pro-inflammatory mediators (il1 β, il6 and cox2) and immune-related molecules (igm and alp), which reflects a possible lack of local immune response at the intestinal mucosa, explaining the higher mortality observed. Krill and squid meal inclusion in vegetable diets, even at low concentrations, provided an improvement in nutrition and survival parameters compared to strictly plant protein based diets as VM, maybe explained by the maintenance of an effective immune response throughout the assay. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1626-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Estruch
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Raquel Monge-Ortiz
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Tomás-Vidal
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Jover-Cerdá
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - David S Peñaranda
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaspar Pérez Martínez
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Llorens
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Rimoldi S, Bossi E, Harpaz S, Cattaneo AG, Bernardini G, Saroglia M, Terova G. Intestinal B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19) and PEPT1 (SLC15A1) mRNA levels in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in fresh water and fed fish and plant protein sources. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e21. [PMID: 26097704 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of diets with descending
fish meal (FM) inclusion levels and the addition of salt to the diet containing the lowest
FM level on growth performances, feed conversion ratio, and intestinal solute carrier
family 6 member 19 (SLC6A19) and oligopeptide transporter 1
(PEPT1) transcript levels, in freshwater-adapted European sea bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax). We first isolated by molecular cloning and
sequenced a full-length cDNA representing the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 in
sea bass. The cDNA sequence was deposited in GenBank database (accession no. KC812315).
The twelve transmembrane domains and the ‘de novo’ prediction of the
three-dimensional structure of SLC6A19 protein (634 amino acids) are presented. We then
analysed diet-induced changes in the mRNA copies of SLC6A19 and
PEPT1 genes in different portions of sea bass intestine using real-time
RT-PCR. Sea bass were fed for 6 weeks on different diets, with ascending levels of fat or
descending levels of FM, which was replaced with vegetable meal. The salt-enriched diet
was prepared by adding 3 % NaCl to the diet containing 10 % FM. SLC6A19
mRNA in the anterior and posterior intestine of sea bass were not modulated by dietary
protein sources and salt supplementation. Conversely, including salt in a diet containing
a low FM percentage up-regulated the mRNA copies of PEPT1 in the hindgut.
Fish growth correlated positively with the content of FM in the diets. Interestingly, the
addition of salt to the diet containing 10 % FM improved feed intake, as well as specific
growth rate and feed conversion ratio.
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