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Nguyen TTT, Vuong XT, Tu MB, Trinh MH, Hoang AQ. Insights into Full-congener Profiles of Chlorinated Benzenes in Fly and Bottom Ash: Case Study in Vietnamese Industrial and Municipal Waste Incinerators. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2024; 112:46. [PMID: 38459996 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated benzenes (CBzs) are a group of organic pollutants, which have been industrially or unintentionally produced through various chemical and thermal processes. Studies on full congener profiles of CBzs in waste and environmental samples are relatively limited and not updated. In the present study, concentrations of 12 CBzs were determined in fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) samples collected from one municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and one industrial waste incinerator (IWI) in northern Vietnam. Levels of Σ12CBzs were higher in bottom ash (median 25.3; range 1.59-45.7 ng/g) than in fly ash (median 7.30; range 1.04-30.0 ng/g). The CBz profiles were dominated by di- and tri-chlorinated congeners with the major congeners as 1,2,4-TCB, 1,2,3-TCB, 1,2-DCB, and 1,3-DCB. However, CBz profiles varied greatly between sample types and incinerators, implying differences in input materials, formation pathways, and pollutant behaviors. Incomplete combustion is possibly responsible for high levels of CBzs in industrial bottom ash. The emission factors of Σ12CBzs ranged from 21 to 600 µg/ton for fly ash and from 190 to 4570 µg/ton for bottom ash, resulting in annual emissions of about 6 and 3 g/year for the IWI and MWI, respectively. Our results suggest additional investigations on industrial emission and environmental occurrence of all 12 CBzs rather than solely focusing on regulated congeners like hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Truong Vuong
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Hai Trinh
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam.
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Xu P, Zheng Y, Wang X, Shen H, Wu L, Chen Y, Xu D, Xiang J, Cheng P, Chen Z, Lou X. Breastfed infants' exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A cross-sectional study of a municipal waste incinerator in China. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136639. [PMID: 36183877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in Zhejiang, China, operating since 2008 was completely reconstructed from 2016 to 2019. In 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional study of breastfeeding mothers living near the MWI. We evaluated the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the mothers' breast milk and their infants' estimated daily intake (EDI). To investigate the temporal variations of these pollutants, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 29 mothers in 2019. We assessed the levels of 18 PCB congeners, 17 PCDD/F congeners, and 21 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) congeners in breast milk and estimated the EDI. The mean total concentrations of PCDD/Fs (ΣPCDD/Fs) and PCBs (ΣPCBs) were 81.2 and 4.90 ng/g lipid, respectively, while the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) levels of ΣPCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (ΣDL-PCBs) were 2.7 and 1.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid, respectively. Compared to our 2013 measurements, the mass concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs and ΣPCBs decreased by 13% and 35%, respectively (3.361 vs. 2.915 pg/g wet weight [ww] and 269.1 vs. 175.0 pg/g ww, respectively). The TEQ-ΣPCDD/F levels decreased by 67% (0.241 vs. 0.080 pg/g ww), but the TEQ-ΣDL-PCB levels increased by 11% (0.046 vs. 0.051 pg WHO-TEQ/g ww). The median concentration of PFASs was 0.250 ng/mL, ranging from 0.151 to 0.833 ng/mL. The infants' mean EDI of total PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was 17.7 pg TEQ/kg body weight [bw], representing a 20% decline compared to 2013. The average EDI levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA were 5.8, 17.9, and 1.7 ng/kg bw, respectively. A comprehensive comparison of the results with studies from around the world showed that the potential health risks posed by legacy PCDD/F and PCB pollutants were not as grave for mothers and infants living near this MWI, but the emerging PFAS pollutants represented a new cause for concern. MAIN FINDINGS: The potential health risks posed by legacy PCDD/F and PCB pollutants were not particularly serious for mothers and infants living near the MWI, but the emerging PFAS pollutants raised new concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yibin Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Lizhi Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xiaoming Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
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Iamiceli AL, Abate V, Bena A, De Filippis SP, De Luca S, Iacovella N, Farina E, Gandini M, Orengia M, De Felip E, Abballe A, Dellatte E, Ferri F, Fulgenzi AR, Ingelido AM, Ivaldi C, Marra V, Miniero R, Crosetto L, Procopio E, Salamina G. The longitudinal biomonitoring of residents living near the waste incinerator of Turin: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon metabolites after three years from the plant start-up. Environ Pollut 2022; 314:120199. [PMID: 36155226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The waste-to-energy (WTE) incinerator plant located in the Turin area (Italy) started to recover energy from the combustion of municipal solid waste in 2013. A health surveillance program was implemented to evaluate the potential health effects on the population living near the plant. This program included a longitudinal biomonitoring to evaluate temporal changes of some environmental pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in residents living in areas near the Turin incinerator (exposed group, E) compared to those observed in subjects living far from the plant (not exposed group, NE). Ten monohydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs), consisting in the principal metabolites of naphthalene, fluorine, phenanthrene, and pyrene, were analyzed in urines collected from the E and NE subjects after one (T1) and three years (T2) of plant activity and compared with those determined in the same cohort established before the plant start-up (T0). Spearman correlation analysis was undertaken to explore possible associations between OH-PAHs and personal characteristics, lifestyle variables, and dietary habits. A linear mixed model (LMM) approach was applied to determine temporal trends of OH-PAHs observed in the E and NE subjects and to evaluate possible differences in trend between the two groups. Temporal trends of OH-PAHs determined by LMM analysis demonstrated that, at all times, the E group had concentrations lower than those assessed in the NE group, all other conditions being equal. Moreover, no increase in OH-PAH concentrations was observed at T1 and T2 either in E or in NE group. Significant positive correlations were found between all OH-PAHs and smoking habits. Regarding variables associated to outdoor PAH exposure, residence near high traffic roads and daily time in traffic road was positively correlated with 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 1-hydroxypyrene, respectively. In conclusion, no impact of the WTE plant on exposure to PAHs was observed on the population living near the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Iamiceli
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - V Abate
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Bena
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - S P De Filippis
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S De Luca
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - N Iacovella
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Farina
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - M Gandini
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - M Orengia
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - E De Felip
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Abballe
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Dellatte
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - F Ferri
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A R Fulgenzi
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Ingelido
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Ivaldi
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - V Marra
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - R Miniero
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - L Crosetto
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - E Procopio
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - G Salamina
- Department of Prevention, ASL TO1, Via Della Consolata 10, Turin, Italy
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Piccinelli C, Carnà P, Amodio E, Cadum E, Donato F, Rognoni M, Vuono M, Cavalieri d'Oro L. [Effects on mortality and morbidity among the population living close to the Valmadrera (Lombardy Region, Northern Italy) incinerator]. Epidemiol Prev 2022; 46:147-159. [PMID: 35775293 DOI: 10.19191/ep22.3.a335.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES assessment of the health effects on the resident population around the incinerator for municipal solid waste in Valmadrera (Lombardy Region, Northern Italy) in relation to the exposure level to the pollutants produced by the plant. DESIGN historical cohort study, based on the resident population from 2003 to 2016 in the study area. With a dispersion model, based on PM10 emitted by the plant, three areas of exposure (high, medium, low) were defined and, on the basis of the residence of the cohort, different exposure levels were attributed to the subjects. The association between level of exposure and health effects were estimated by comparing the high and medium exposure levels with the low exposure level, using a Cox model, adjusted for age and socioeconomic deprivation index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES mortality rates, hospitalization rates, cancer incidence rates, and perinatal outcomes were analysed for the main causes potentially associated with exposure to incineration plants. RESULTS the subjects enrolled in the cohort were 106,056 (1,000,242 person-years). There were no statistically significant excesses of risk for almost all the outcomes investigated. Excessive mortality and hospitalization were found for liver/biliary cancers (HR women: 2.57; 95%CI 1.15-2.79; HR men: 2.22; 95%CI 1.10-4, 84). In the municipality where the plant is located, an excess prevalence (OR 1.78; 95%CI 1.43-2.21) of hepatitis C was found. CONCLUSIONS the results suggest the absence of a relationship between residence in areas with different levels of pollutants emitted by the plant and the onset of almost all diseases. The associated causes do not have aetiological plausibility with exposure to pollutants from waste incineration. In particular, for liver/liver and biliary cancer, the association with infectious causes rather than exposure to environmental pollutants is more plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Piccinelli
- SSD epidemiologia e screening, CPO-AOU Città della salute e della scienza di Torino, Torino;
- Dipartimento di scienze cliniche e biologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino
| | - Paolo Carnà
- Dipartimento di scienze cliniche e biologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino
| | - Emanuele Amodio
- UOC epidemiologia, Agenzia di tutela della salute della Brianza, Monza
- Dipartimento di promozione della salute, materno-infantile, di medicina interna e specialistica di eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - Ennio Cadum
- Dipartimento igiene e prevenzione sanitaria, Agenzia di tutela della salute di Pa-via
| | | | - Magda Rognoni
- UOC epidemiologia, Agenzia di tutela della salute della Brianza, Monza
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Iamiceli AL, Abate V, Abballe A, Bena A, De Filippis SP, Dellatte E, De Luca S, Fulgenzi AR, Iacovella N, Ingelido AM, Ivaldi C, Marra V, Miniero R, Valentini S, Farina E, Gandini M, Orengia M, Procopio E, Salamina G, De Felip E. Biomonitoring of the adult population living near the waste incinerator of Turin: Serum concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs after three years from the plant start-up. Chemosphere 2021; 272:129882. [PMID: 33588142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In September 2013 a waste-to-energy (WTE) incinerator located in the Turin area (Piedmont, Northern Italy) started to produce energy by the incineration of municipal solid wastes. The plant, one of the largest WTE incinerator in Europe, burns up to 490,000 tons of waste per year. A health surveillance program was implemented in order to evaluate the potential health effects on the population living near the plant. This program included a biomonitoring study aimed at assessing levels of several environmental contaminants including, among others, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs. Before the WTE incinerator start-up (T0), a group of 85 subjects (41 "exposed" and 44 "not exposed" subjects) was randomly selected for enrollment by the local health units among individuals aged 36-50 years who had been living in the same area for at least five years prior to the study. Subjects were balanced by exposure area, sex and five-year age classes. As from the study design, the same cohort was re-evaluated after three years of incinerator activity (T2). A parallel study was conducted on a group of 12 farmers living and/or working in farms located in an area in the range of 5 km around the incinerator. Results of this study did not evidence any impact of the WTE plant on human exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs. In fact, no significant differences were found in the concentrations of PCDDs + PCDFs, DL-PCBs, and NDL-PCBs measured in the population group residing near the plant after three years of activity (T2) with respect to the control group. A significant decrease of serum concentrations of all the analytes was observed at T2 in both groups compared to T0. Serum concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in the group of farmers were higher than those observed in the adult population under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Iamiceli
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - V Abate
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Abballe
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Bena
- Department of Epidemiology -ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - S P De Filippis
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Dellatte
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S De Luca
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A R Fulgenzi
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - N Iacovella
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Ingelido
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Ivaldi
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - V Marra
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - R Miniero
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S Valentini
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Farina
- Department of Epidemiology -ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - M Gandini
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - M Orengia
- Department of Epidemiology -ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - E Procopio
- Department of Prevention, ASL TO3, Piazza San Francesco 4, Susa (Turin), Italy
| | - G Salamina
- Department of Prevention, ASL TO1, Via Della Consolata 10, Turin, Italy
| | - E De Felip
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Nguyen TTT, Hoang AQ, Nguyen VD, Nguyen HT, Van Vu T, Vuong XT, Tu MB. Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:13340-13351. [PMID: 33184790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and congener profiles of seven di- to hexachlorinated benzenes (CBzs) were characterized in bottom ash and fly ash samples collected simultaneously from one medical waste incinerator (MEWI) and one municipal waste incinerator (MUWI) in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the fly ash samples ranged from 6.98 to 34.4 (median 19.1) ng g-1 in the MEWI, and ranged from 59.1 to 391 (median 197) ng g-1 in the MUWI. Concentrations of CBzs in the bottom ash samples of the MEWI (median 1.95; range 1.53-5.98 ng g-1) were also lower than those measured in the MUWI samples (median 17.4; range 14.5-42.6 ng g-1). Levels of CBzs in the fly ash samples were significantly higher than concentrations measured in the bottom ash samples, partially indicating the low-temperature catalytic formation of these pollutants in post-combustion zone. In general, higher chlorinated congeners (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene) were more abundant than lower chlorinated compounds. However, compositional profiles of CBzs were different between the ash types and incinerators and even between the same sample types of different sampling days, suggesting that the formation of CBzs in these incinerators is complicated and influenced by many factors. Emission factors and annual emission amounts of CBzs were estimated for the two incinerators by using actually measured data of CBz concentrations in the ash. Daily intake doses and cancer risks of ash-bound CBzs estimated for workers in the two incinerators were generally lower than critical values, but cancer risks caused by other relevant pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxin-related compounds) were not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Vinh Dinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Hue Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tu Van Vu
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Truong Vuong
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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7
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Iamiceli AL, Abate V, Abballe A, Bena A, De Filippis SP, De Luca S, Fulgenzi AR, Iacovella N, Ingelido AM, Marra V, Miniero R, Farina E, Gandini M, Orengia M, De Felip E. Biomonitoring of the adult population in the area of turin waste incinerator: Baseline levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites. Environ Res 2020; 181:108903. [PMID: 31806290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed in a cohort of 394 subjects, 198 residing in three small municipalities near a new waste-to-energy (WTE) incinerator located in the Turin area, and 196 residing in neighbouring control areas in the town (of Turin). The assessment of exposure to PAHs was part of a human biomonitoring study aimed at assessing potential incremental exposure to pollutants related to incineration activities through the analysis of such pollutants before the plant start-up, and after one and three years of operation. The exposure assessment described in this study was carried out before the start-up of the WTE incinerator. Ten monohydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs) were analyzed in urine samples, consisting in the principal metabolites of naphthalene (NAP), fluorene (FLU), phenanthrene (PHE), and pyrene (PYR). Concentrations of the sum of OH-PAHs (Σ10OH-PAHs) were in the range of 525-85200 ng/g creatinine, with P50 equal to 6770 ng/g creatinine. Metabolites of naphthalene were found at the highest concentrations (P50 values of 892 and 4300 ng/g creatinine for 1- and 2-OH-NAP, respectively) followed by the three OH-FLUs (P50 values of individual compounds in the range of 58.2-491 ng/g creatinine), the four OH-PHEs (P50 values in the range of 30.5-145 ng/g creatinine), and 1-OH-PYR (P50 value of 82.8 ng/g creatinine). Concentrations of 1-OH-NAP, 9-OH-FLU, 1-, 2-, 3, 4-OH-PHE, and 1-OH-PYR were significantly lower in subjects living near the WTE plant compared to those living in the town of Turin, with differences between the two groups in the range 14-31%. Smoking habits markedly influence the urinary concentrations OH-PAHs. Median concentrations of the single metabolites in smokers were from 1.4 fold (for 4-OH-PHE) to 14 fold higher (for 3-OH-FLU) than those observed in non-smokers. The heating system used also resulted to be a major contributor to PAH exposure. Concentrations of OH-PAHs were generally comparable with those observed in other industrialized countries. The profile pattern was consistent with those reported in the literature. Concentrations of OH-PAHs assessed in this study may be considered indicative of the background exposure to PAHs for adult population living in an urban and industrialized area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Iamiceli
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Abate
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Bena
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Stefania P De Filippis
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia De Luca
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Fulgenzi
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ingelido
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Marra
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Miniero
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Farina
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Martina Gandini
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Orengia
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena De Felip
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Coppeta L, Pietroiusti A, Policardo S, Mormone F, Balbi O, Tursi E, Baldi S, Plutoni E, Torriero A, Magrini A. Pulmonary functionality among workers of a Central Italy waste-to-energy plant: a retrospective study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:20. [PMID: 31312249 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-019-0241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We are observing a growing trend towards the use of waste incineration in waste-to-energy (WTE) plants in Italy. Various authors started to investigate their potential health effects, but without univocal outcomes. The aim of this study is to assess whether or not main pulmonary function indexes could be decreased in a group of workers employed in a municipal solid WTE plant located in Central Italy, and if there’s a correlation between the levels of exposure to airborne pollutants and alterations in the pulmonary apparatus. Methods The study was conducted with a retrospective cohort approach. We reviewed data from clinical records of 58 waste-to-energy plant workers undergoing annual health surveillance in the period 2010–2015. We considered the exposure to airborne dust and the main parameters of respiratory function (FVC, FEV1, Tiffeneau Index and FEF 25–75%) at time zero and after a period of 5 years. We divided our study population into two groups: low (< 1 mg/m3) and high (> 1 mg/m3) exposure. We estimated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) adjusted for potential confounders. Results We observed a decrease in lung function parameters both in high and in low exposure group after a five-years exposure period. FEV1, FEV1/VC ratio and FEF 25–75% were worst in more exposed group, even if this difference resulted not significant at Wilcoxon test. Conclusions Active employee in WTE plants is associated to a non-significant worsening in the main parameters of lung function after 5 years exposure. Clinical significant of these variations need to be assessed.
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Jung H, Park E, Kim M, Jurng J. Pilot-scale evaluation of a novel TiO 2-supported V 2O 5 catalyst for DeNOx at low temperatures at a waste incinerator. Waste Manag 2017; 61:283-287. [PMID: 27899246 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The removal of NOx by catalytic technology at low temperatures is significant for treatment of flue gas in waste incineration plants, especially at temperatures below 200°C. A novel highly active TiO2-supported vanadium oxide catalyst at low temperatures (200-250°C) has been developed for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) de-NOx process with ammonia. The catalyst was evaluated in a pilot-scale equipment, and the results were compared with those obtained in our previous work using laboratory scale (small volume test) equipment as well as bench-scale laboratory equipment. In the present work, we have performed our experiments in pilot scale equipment using a part of effluent flue gas that was obtained from flue gas cleaning equipment in a full-scale waste incineration plant in South Korea. Based on our previous work, we have prepared a TiO2-supported V2O5 catalyst coated (with a loading of 7wt% of impregnated V2O5) on a honeycomb cordierite monolith to remove NOx from a waste incinerator flue gas at low temperatures. The NOx (nitrogen oxides) removal efficiency of the SCR catalyst bed was measured in a catalyst fixed-bed reactor (flow rate: 100m3h-1) using real exhaust gas from the waste incinerator. The experimental results showed that the V2O5/TiO2 SCR catalyst exhibited good DeNOx performance (over 98% conversion at an operating temperature of 300°C, 95% at 250°C, and 70% at 200°C), and was much better than the performance of commercial SCR catalysts (as low as 55% conversion at 250°C) under the same operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyounduk Jung
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University-KIST, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseuk Park
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University-KIST, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsoo Jurng
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University-KIST, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Xiong T, Dumat C, Pierart A, Shahid M, Kang Y, Li N, Bertoni G, Laplanche C. Measurement of metal bioaccessibility in vegetables to improve human exposure assessments: field study of soil-plant-atmosphere transfers in urban areas, South China. Environ Geochem Health 2016; 38:1283-1301. [PMID: 26825060 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The quality of cultivated consumed vegetables in relation to environmental pollution is a crucial issue for urban and peri-urban areas, which host the majority of people at the global scale. In order to evaluate the fate of metals in urban soil-plant-atmosphere systems and their consequences on human exposure, a field study was conducted at two different sites near a waste incinerator (site A) and a highway (site B). Metal concentrations were measured in the soil, settled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and vegetables. A risk assessment was performed using both total and bioaccessible metal concentrations in vegetables. Total metal concentrations in PM were (mg kg-1): (site A) 417 Cr, 354 Cu, 931 Zn, 6.3 Cd and 168 Pb; (site B) 145 Cr, 444 Cu, 3289 Zn, 2.9 Cd and 396 Pb. Several total soil Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded China's Environmental Quality Standards. At both sites, there was significant metal enrichment from the atmosphere to the leafy vegetables (correlation between Pb concentrations in PM and leaves: r = 0.52, p < 0.05) which depended on the plant species. Total Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations in vegetables were therefore above or just under the maximum limit levels for foodstuffs according to Chinese and European Commission regulations. High metal bioaccessibility in the vegetables (60-79 %, with maximum value for Cd) was also observed. The bioaccessible hazard index was only above 1 for site B, due to moderate Pb and Cd pollution from the highway. In contrast, site A was considered as relatively safe for urban agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- TianTian Xiong
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Camille Dumat
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP), UMR5044, Université Toulouse J. Jaurès - Toulouse II, 5 allée A. Machado, 31058, Toulouse, France.
- UMR 1201 DYNAFOR, INP-Toulouse, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
| | - Antoine Pierart
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Georges Bertoni
- UMR 1201 DYNAFOR, INP-Toulouse, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Laplanche
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Bena A, Orengia M, Cadum E, Farina E, Alimonti A, Bocca B, Chiusolo M, De Felip E, Gandini M, Iamiceli AL, Pino A, Procopio E, Salamina G. Biomonitoring and exposure assessment of people living near or working at an Italian waste incinerator: methodology of the SPoTT study. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:607. [PMID: 27714597 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Only few studies on the health effect of waste incinerators were focused on human biomonitoring (HBM). Our aim is to describe a protocol for assessing early variation of selected items in a population group living close to a waste incinerator in Turin, Italy. A cohort of 394 subjects was randomly selected, among residents near the incinerator and residents far from it. To achieve this sample size, 765 subjects were contacted. The cohort was monitored before the start-up of the plant and will be followed up 1 and 3 years after, with measurements of respiratory function, selected blood and urine parameters including 19 metals, 17 congeners of PCDDs/Fs, 12 congeners of DL-PCBs, 30 congeners of NDL-PCBs, 11 OH-PAHs, specific hormones (T3, T4, TSH, cortisol and ACTH) and common health parameters. The same protocol is applied for plant workers and breeders living near the plant. Individual exposure to urban pollution and waste incinerator fallout were assessed through the use of mathematical models. Information on individual habits was assessed using a specific questionnaire. SPoTT is the first Italian study that adopts a longitudinal design of appropriate statistical power to assess health impacts of waste incinerator plants' emission. The initial results comparing the baseline to the first follow-up are due at the end of 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bena
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Manuela Orengia
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Ennio Cadum
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Farina
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alimonti
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Chiusolo
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena De Felip
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Gandini
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Via Pio VII 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Iamiceli
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Pino
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Procopio
- Department of Prevention, ASL TO3, Piazza San Francesco 4, Susa, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salamina
- Department of Prevention, ASL TO1, Via della Consolata 10, Turin, Italy
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12
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Graube F, Grahl S, Rostkowski S, Beckmann M. Optimisation of water-cannon cleaning for deposit removal on water walls inside waste incinerators. Waste Manag Res 2016; 34:139-147. [PMID: 26608897 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x15613153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deposits in municipal waste incinerators are very inhomogeneous in structure and constitution. They cause corrosion and reduce the efficiency, so they need to be removed frequently. Among other systems, operators use water cannons for the deposit removal. Two different removal mechanisms of water-cannon cleaning are suggested: A direct shattering of the deposit by the impact of the water jet, as well as the cracking caused by thermal stresses where droplets cool the deposits. As the contribution of each of the aforementioned mechanisms to the overall cleaning efficiency is unknown, we performed empirical investigations to determine the dominating effect. In a first experimental setup focusing on thermal stress, cold droplets were applied onto hot deposits taken from a waste incinerator. Results showed that the cleaning effect strongly depends on the deposit thickness and structure, so that the deposits could be categorised in three different groups. A second measurement campaign focused on the influence of deposit material, deposit temperature and water jet momentum. It could be shown that both deposit material and temperature have a significant effect on the cleaning efficiency, whereas an increase in water jet momentum only led to modest improvements. The combination of these two parameter studies implies that the influence of the thermal stress outweighs that of the momentum. This knowledge is applicable to the cleaning setup by increasing the temperature gradient.
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Li N, Kang Y, Pan W, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J. Concentration and transportation of heavy metals in vegetables and risk assessment of human exposure to bioaccessible heavy metals in soil near a waste-incinerator site, South China. Sci Total Environ 2015; 521-522:144-51. [PMID: 25829292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There is limited study focusing on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and human exposure to bioaccessible heavy metals in soil. In the present study, heavy metal concentrations (Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd) were measured in five types of vegetables, soil, root, and settled air particle samples from two sites (at a domestic waste incinerator and at 20km away from the incinerator) in Guangzhou, South China. Heavy metal concentrations in soil were greater than those in aerial parts of vegetables and roots, which indicated that vegetables bioaccumulated low amount of heavy metals from soil. The similar pattern of heavy metal (Cr, Cd) was found in the settled air particle samples and aerial parts of vegetables from two sites, which may suggest that foliar uptake may be an important pathway of heavy metal from the environment to vegetables. The highest levels of heavy metals were found in leaf lettuce (125.52μg/g, dry weight) and bitter lettuce (71.2μg/g) for sites A and B, respectively, followed by bitter lettuce and leaf lettuce for sites A and B, respectively. Swamp morning glory accumulated the lowest amount of heavy metals (81.02μg/g for site A and 53.2μg/g for site B) at both sites. The bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil ranged from Cr (2%) to Cu (71.78%). Risk assessment showed that Cd and Pb in soil samples resulted in the highest non-cancer risk and Cd would result in unacceptable cancer risk for children and risk. The non-dietary intake of soil was the most important exposure pathway, when the bioaccessibility of heavy metals was taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weijian Pan
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Buonanno G, Morawska L. Ultrafine particle emission of waste incinerators and comparison to the exposure of urban citizens. Waste Manag 2015; 37:75-81. [PMID: 24726660 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of the growing interest on the impact of airborne particles on human exposure as well as the strong debate in Western countries on the emissions of waste incinerators, this work reviewed existing literature to: (i) show the emission factors of ultrafine particles (particles with a diameter less than 100 nm) of waste incinerators; and (ii) assess the contribution of waste incinerators in terms of ultrafine particles to exposure and dose of people living in the surrounding areas of the plants in order to estimate eventual risks. The review identified only a limited number of studies measuring ultrafine particle emissions, and in general they report low particle number concentrations at the stack (the median value was equal to 5.5×10(3) part cm(-3)), in most cases higher than the outdoor background value. The lowest emissions were achieved by utilization of the bag-house filter which has an overall number-based filtration efficiency higher than 99%. Referring to reference case, the corresponding emission factor is equal to 9.1×10(12) part min(-1), that is lower than one single high-duty vehicle. Since the higher particle number concentrations found in the most contributing microenvironments to the exposure (indoor home, transportation, urban outdoor), the contribution of the waste incinerators to the daily dose can be considered as negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Buonanno
- University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via G. Di Biasio, 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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