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Urbán R, Kun B, Mózes T, Soltész P, Paksi B, Farkas J, Kökönyei G, Orosz G, Maráz A, Felvinczi K, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. A Four-Factor Model of Work Addiction: The Development of the Work Addiction Risk Test Revised. Eur Addict Res 2019; 25:145-160. [PMID: 30982051 DOI: 10.1159/000499672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work has a crucial role in individuals' productivity, social life, and psychological well-being. Despite various definitions of work addiction in the literature, the number of psychometrically reliable instruments is limited. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to psychometrically test and revise the factor structure of the Work Addiction Risk Test (WART), one of the most widely used instruments assessing work addiction. METHOD The full version of the WART [Robinson, Post, & Khakee, 1992] was assessed using a nationally representative sample of Hungary (n = 2,710). To increase validity, the analyses were conducted among individuals who worked at least 40 h a week (n = 1,286, 43% women, mean age = 38.9 years, SD = 10.8). RESULTS Using confirmatory factor analysis, the originally proposed 4- and 5-factor solutions did not have adequate model fit indices. Thus, the sample was randomly divided into 2 subsamples. Exploratory factor analysis conducted in the first half of the sample supported a 4-factor solution, which was confirmed in the other half of the sample. The Work Addiction Risk Test Revised (WART-R) comprises 17 items and 4 factors (i.e., Overcommitment, Impatience, Hard-working, and Salience). Using a latent class analysis, a cutoff score (51 points out of 68) for the high risk of work addiction was determined. Almost one in 10 participants (9.3%) were identified as being symptomatic of work addiction, and these individuals also reported an elevated level of mental distress and hostility. CONCLUSIONS As a conclusion, the WART-R is suitable to be used as an indicator of work addiction based on clinically relevant symptom dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadette Kun
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,
| | - Tamás Mózes
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Soltész
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Paksi
- Institute of Education, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre for Behavioral Research, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Farkas
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Maráz
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Felvinczi
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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