1
|
Jung T, Milenković I, Corcobado T, Májek T, Janoušek J, Kudláček1 T, Tomšovský M, Nagy Z, Durán A, Tarigan M, Sanfuentes von Stowasser E, Singh R, Ferreira M, Webber J, Scanu B, Chi N, Thu P, Junaid M, Rosmana A, Baharuddin B, Kuswinanti T, Nasri N, Kageyama K, Hieno A, Masuya H, Uematsu S, Oliva J, Redondo M, Maia C, Matsiakh I, Kramarets V, O’Hanlon R, Tomić Ž, Brasier C, Horta Jung M. Extensive morphological and behavioural diversity among fourteen new and seven described species in Phytophthora Clade 10 and its evolutionary implications. Persoonia 2022; 49:1-57. [PMID: 38234379 PMCID: PMC10792230 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
During extensive surveys of global Phytophthora diversity 14 new species detected in natural ecosystems in Chile, Indonesia, USA (Louisiana), Sweden, Ukraine and Vietnam were assigned to Phytophthora major Clade 10 based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and three mitochondrial gene regions. Clade 10 now comprises three subclades. Subclades 10a and 10b contain species with nonpapillate sporangia, a range of breeding systems and a mainly soil- and waterborne lifestyle. These include the previously described P. afrocarpa, P. gallica and P. intercalaris and eight of the new species: P. ludoviciana, P. procera, P. pseudogallica, P. scandinavica, P. subarctica, P. tenuimura, P. tonkinensis and P. ukrainensis. In contrast, all species in Subclade 10c have papillate sporangia and are self-fertile (or homothallic) with an aerial lifestyle including the known P. boehmeriae, P. gondwanensis, P. kernoviae and P. morindae and the new species P. celebensis, P. chilensis, P. javanensis, P. multiglobulosa, P. pseudochilensis and P. pseudokernoviae. All new Phytophthora species differed from each other and from related species by their unique combinations of morphological characters, breeding systems, cardinal temperatures and growth rates. The biogeography and evolutionary history of Clade 10 are discussed. We propose that the three subclades originated via the early divergence of pre-Gondwanan ancestors > 175 Mya into water- and soilborne and aerially dispersed lineages and subsequently underwent multiple allopatric and sympatric radiations during their global spread. Citation: Jung T, Milenković I, Corcobado T, et al. 2022. Extensive morphological and behavioural diversity among fourteen new and seven described species in Phytophthora Clade 10 and its evolutionary implications. Persoonia 49: 1-57. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Jung
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nussdorf, Germany
| | - I. Milenković
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T. Corcobado
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T. Májek
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J. Janoušek
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T. Kudláček1
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M. Tomšovský
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z.Á Nagy
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A. Durán
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
- Research and Development, Asia Pacific Resources International Limited (APRIL), 28300 Pangkalan Kerinci, Riau, Indonesia
| | - M. Tarigan
- Research and Development, Asia Pacific Resources International Limited (APRIL), 28300 Pangkalan Kerinci, Riau, Indonesia
| | - E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - R. Singh
- Plant Diagnostic Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - M. Ferreira
- Plant Diagnostic Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - J.F. Webber
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - B. Scanu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - N.M. Chi
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, 10000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - P.Q. Thu
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, 10000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M. Junaid
- Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - A. Rosmana
- Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - B. Baharuddin
- Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - T. Kuswinanti
- Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - N. Nasri
- Department of Forest Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - K. Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - A. Hieno
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - H. Masuya
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - S. Uematsu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dept. of Bioregulation and Bio-interaction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - J. Oliva
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - M. Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Maia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - I. Matsiakh
- Ukrainian National Forestry University, Pryrodna st.19, 79057, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - V. Kramarets
- Ukrainian National Forestry University, Pryrodna st.19, 79057, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - R. O’Hanlon
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin 2, D02 WK12, Ireland
| | - Ž. Tomić
- Center for Plant Protection, Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - C.M. Brasier
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - M. Horta Jung
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nussdorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Remke MJ, Johnson NC, Bowker MA. Sympatric soil biota mitigate a warmer-drier climate for Bouteloua gracilis. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:6280-6292. [PMID: 36038989 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering temperature and precipitation, resulting in widespread plant mortality and shifts in plant distributions. Plants growing in soil types with low water holding capacity may experience intensified effects of reduced water availability as a result of climate change. Furthermore, complex biotic interactions between plants and soil organisms may mitigate or exacerbate the effects of climate change. This 3-year field experiment observed the performance of Bouteloua gracilis ecotypes that were transplanted across an environmental gradient with either sympatric soil from the seed source location or allopatric soil from the location that plants were transplanted into. We also inoculated plants with either sympatric or allopatric soil biotic communities to test: (1) how changes in climate alone influence plant growth, (2) how soil types interact with climate to influence plant growth, and (3) the role of soil biota in mitigating plant migration to novel environments. As expected, plants moved to cooler-wetter sites exhibited enhanced growth; however, plants moved to warmer-drier sites responded variably depending on the provenance of their soil and inoculum. Soil and inoculum provenance had little influence on the performance of plants moved to cooler-wetter sites, but at warmer-drier sites they were important predictors of plant biomass, seed set, and specific leaf area. Specifically, transplants inoculated with their sympatric soil biota and grown in their sympatric soil were as large as or larger than reference plants grown at the seed source locations; however, individuals inoculated with allopatric soil biota were smaller than reference site individuals at warmer, drier sites. These findings demonstrate complicated plant responses to various aspects of environmental novelty where communities of soil organisms may help ameliorate stress. The belowground microbiome of plants should be considered to predict the responses of vegetation more accurately to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Remke
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy C Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew A Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stavtseva NA, Fielden LJ, Khokhlova IS, Krasnov BR. Fitness consequences of host colonization in two generalist fleas: Context-dependency and the effect of spatial co-occurrence. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:347-355. [PMID: 35324014 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We studied the fitness consequences of colonizing a novel host by experimental lines of fleas (Synosternus cleopatrae and Xenopsylla ramesis) maintained for 18-22 generations on the principal or novel (sympatric or allopatric) hosts via number, developmental success and size of the offspring of the fleas exploiting these hosts. We asked whether (a) fitness on non-principal hosts increases after prolonged maintenance; (b) the colonization success depends on the spatial co-occurrence of a flea and a host and (c) colonization of a novel host is accompanied by a decreased ability to exploit an original host. The ability of fleas to colonize novel hosts differed between species, with S. cleopatrae, but not X. ramesis, increasing its offspring production on novel hosts. Spatial co-occurrence did not affect colonization success. Maintenance on an alternative host was not accompanied by decreased adaptation to the original host. When fleas returned to the original host, their reproductive output was higher than that of their ancestors. We conclude that the success of colonizing a novel host is (a) context-dependent and varies between flea and host species and (b) not accompanied by the loss of ability to exploit an ancestral host but may lead to an increase in this ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A Stavtseva
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Laura J Fielden
- Biology Department, School of Science and Mathematics, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Irina S Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castillo AI, Bojanini I, Chen H, Kandel PP, De La Fuente L, Almeida RPP. Allopatric Plant Pathogen Population Divergence following Disease Emergence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02095-20. [PMID: 33483307 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02095-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the landscape of globally distributed pathogens, populations differentiate via both adaptive and nonadaptive forces. Individual populations are likely to show unique trends of genetic diversity, host-pathogen interaction, and ecological adaptation. In plant pathogens, allopatric divergence may occur particularly rapidly within simplified agricultural monoculture landscapes. As such, the study of plant pathogen populations in monocultures can highlight the distinct evolutionary mechanisms that lead to local genetic differentiation. Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen known to infect and damage multiple monocultures worldwide. One subspecies, Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, was first introduced to the United States ∼150 years ago, where it was found to infect and cause disease in grapevines (Pierce's disease of grapevines, or PD). Here, we studied PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa populations, with an emphasis on those found in the United States. Our study shows that following their establishment in the United States, PD-causing strains likely split into populations on the East and West Coasts. This diversification has occurred via both changes in gene content (gene gain/loss events) and variations in nucleotide sequence (mutation and recombination). In addition, we reinforce the notion that PD-causing populations within the United States acted as the source for subsequent subsp. fastidiosa outbreaks in Europe and Asia.IMPORTANCE Compared to natural environments, the reduced diversity of monoculture agricultural landscapes can lead bacterial plant pathogens to quickly adapt to local biological and ecological conditions. Because of this, accidental introductions of microbial pathogens into naive regions represents a significant economic and environmental threat. Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen with an expanding host and geographic range due to multiple intra- and intercontinental introductions. X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa infects and causes disease in grapevines (Pierce's disease of grapevines [PD]). This study focused on PD-causing X. fastidiosa populations, particularly those found in the United States but also invasions into Taiwan and Spain. The analysis shows that PD-causing X. fastidiosa has diversified via multiple cooccurring evolutionary forces acting at an intra- and interpopulation level. This analysis enables a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to the local adaptation of X. fastidiosa and how a plant pathogen diverges allopatrically after multiple and sequential introduction events.
Collapse
|
5
|
Campillo LC, Manthey JD, Thomson RC, Hosner PA, Moyle RG. Genomic differentiation in an endemic Philippine genus (Aves: Sarcophanops) owing to geographical isolation on recently disassociated islands. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020; 131:814-821. [PMID: 34690487 PMCID: PMC8528567 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeographical studies of Philippine vertebrates have demonstrated that genetic variation is broadly partitioned by Pleistocene island aggregation. Contemporary island discontinuity is expected to influence genetic differentiation but remains relatively undocumented, perhaps because the current episode of island isolation started in relatively recent times. We investigated inter- and intra-island population structure in a Philippine endemic bird genus (Sarcophanops) to determine whether genetic differentiation has evolved during the recent period of isolation. We sequenced thousands of genome-wide restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers from throughout the Mindanao group to assess fine-scale genetic structure across islands. Specifically, we investigated patterns of gene flow and connectivity within and between taxonomic and geographical bounds. A previous assessment of mitochondrial DNA detected deep structure between Sarcophanops samarensis and a sister species, Sarcophanops steerii, but was insufficient to detect differentiation within either species. Analysis of RAD markers, however, revealed structure within S. samarensis between the islands of Samar/Leyte and Bohol. This genetic differentiation probably demonstrates an effect of recent geographical isolation (after the Last Glacial Maximum) on the genetic structure of Philippine avifauna. We suggest that the general lack of evidence for differentiation between recently isolated populations is a failure to detect subtle population structure owing to past genetic sampling constraints, rather than the absence of such structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Campillo
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i – Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Joseph D Manthey
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Thomson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i – Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Peter A Hosner
- Natural History Museum of Denmark & Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert G Moyle
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dorey JB, Groom SVC, Freedman EH, Matthews CS, Davies OK, Deans EJ, Rebola C, Stevens MI, Lee MSY, Schwarz MP. Radiation of tropical island bees and the role of phylogenetic niche conservatism as an important driver of biodiversity. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200045. [PMID: 32290802 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Island biogeography explores how biodiversity in island ecosystems arises and is maintained. The topographical complexity of islands can drive speciation by providing a diversity of niches that promote adaptive radiation and speciation. However, recent studies have argued that phylogenetic niche conservatism, combined with topographical complexity and climate change, could also promote speciation if populations are episodically fragmented into climate refugia that enable allopatric speciation. Adaptive radiation and phylogenetic niche conservatism therefore both predict that topographical complexity should encourage speciation, but they differ strongly in their inferred mechanisms. Using genetic (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) and morphological data, we show high species diversity (22 species) in an endemic clade of Fijian Homalictus bees, with most species restricted to highlands and frequently exhibiting narrow geographical ranges. Our results indicate that elevational niches have been conserved across most speciation events, contradicting expectations from an adaptive radiation model but concordant with phylogenetic niche conservatism. Climate cycles, topographical complexity, and niche conservatism could interact to shape island biodiversity. We argue that phylogenetic niche conservatism is an important driver of tropical island bee biodiversity but that this phylogenetic inertia also leads to major extinction risks for tropical ectotherms under future warming climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Dorey
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Scott V C Groom
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Elisha H Freedman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Cale S Matthews
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Olivia K Davies
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Ella J Deans
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Celina Rebola
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Mark I Stevens
- Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael S Y Lee
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.,Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, GPO Box 234, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael P Schwarz
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M, Marki PZ, Christidis L. Environmental determinism, and not interspecific competition, drives morphological variability in Australasian warblers (Acanthizidae). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3871-3882. [PMID: 29721264 PMCID: PMC5916309 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecific competition is thought to play a key role in determining the coexistence of closely related species within adaptive radiations. Competition for ecological resources can lead to different outcomes from character displacement to, ultimately, competitive exclusion. Accordingly, divergent natural selection should disfavor those species that are the most similar to their competitor in resource use, thereby increasing morphological disparity. Here, we examined ecomorphological variability within an Australo‐Papuan bird radiation, the Acanthizidae, which include both allopatric and sympatric complexes. In addition, we investigated whether morphological similarities between species are related to environmental factors at fine scale (foraging niche) and/or large scale (climate). Contrary to that predicted by the competition hypothesis, we did not find a significant correlation between the morphological similarities found between species and their degree of range overlap. Comparative modeling based on both a priori and data‐driven identification of selective regimes suggested that foraging niche is a poor predictor of morphological variability in acanthizids. By contrast, our results indicate that climatic conditions were an important factor in the formation of morphological variation. We found a significant negative correlation between species scores for PC1 (positively associated to tarsus length and tail length) and both temperature and precipitation, whereas PC2 (positively associated to bill length and wing length) correlated positively with precipitation. In addition, we found that species inhabiting the same region are closer to each other in morphospace than to species outside that region regardless of genus to which they belong or its foraging strategy. Our results indicate that the conservative body form of acanthizids is one that can work under a wide variety of environments (an all‐purpose morphology), and the observed interspecific similarity is probably driven by the common response to environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain
| | | | - Petter Z Marki
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark.,Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Les Christidis
- National Marine Science Centre Southern Cross University Lismore NSW Australia.,School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blanckaert A, Hermisson J. The Limits to Parapatric Speciation II: Strengthening a Preexisting Genetic Barrier to Gene Flow in Parapatry. Genetics 2018; 209:241-54. [PMID: 29496748 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By encompassing the whole continuum between allopatric and sympatric scenarios, parapatric speciation includes many potential scenarios for the evolution of new species. Here, we investigate how a genetic barrier to gene flow, that relies on a single postzygotic genetic incompatibility, may further evolve under ongoing migration. We consider a continent island model with three loci involved in pairwise Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities (DMIs). Using an analytic approach, we derive the conditions for invasion of a new mutation and its consequences for the strength and stability of the initial genetic barrier. Our results show that the accumulation of genetic incompatibilities in the presence of gene flow is under strong selective constraints. In particular, preexisting incompatibilities do not always facilitate the invasion of further barrier genes. If new mutations do invade, they will often weaken or destroy the barrier rather than strengthening it. We conclude that migration is highly effective at disrupting the so-called “snowball effect”, the accelerated accumulation of DMIs that has been described for allopatric populations en route to reproductive isolation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Landová E, Musilová V, Polák J, Sedláčková K, Frynta D. Antipredatory reaction of the leopard gecko Eublepharis macularius to snake predators. Curr Zool 2016; 62:439-450. [PMID: 29491933 PMCID: PMC5804257 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ability to recognize a risk of predation and react with adaptive antipredatory behavior can enhance fitness, but has some costs as well. Animals can either specifically react on the most dangerous predators (threat-sensitive avoidance) or they have safe but costly general wariness avoiding all potential predators. The level of threat may depend on the predator's foraging ecology and distribution with the prey with sympatric and specialist species being the most dangerous. We used 2 choice trials to investigate antipredatory behavior of captive born and wild-caught leopard geckos confronted with different snake predators from 2 families (Colubridae, Boidae) varying in foraging ecology and sympatric/allopatric distribution with the geckos. Predator-naïve subadult individuals have general wariness, explore both chemically and visually, and perform antipredatory postures toward a majority of snake predators regardless of their sympatry/allopatry or food specialization. The most exaggerated antipredatory postures in both subadult and adult geckos were toward 2 sympatric snake species, the spotted whip snake Hemorrhois ravergieri, an active forager, and the red sand boa Eryx johnii, a subterranean snake with a sit-and-wait strategy. In contrast, also subterranean but allopatric the Kenyan sand boa Eryx colubrinus did not elicit any antipredatory reaction. We conclude that the leopard gecko possesses an innate general antipredatory reaction to different species of snake predators, while a specific reaction to 2 particular sympatric species can be observed. Moreover, adult wild caught geckos show lower reactivity compared with the captive born ones, presumably due to an experience of a real predation event that can hardly be simulated under laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Landová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic and.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Musilová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic and
| | - Jakub Polák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Sedláčková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic and.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Edwards T, Tollis M, Hsieh P, Gutenkunst RN, Liu Z, Kusumi K, Culver M, Murphy RW. Assessing models of speciation under different biogeographic scenarios; an empirical study using multi-locus and RNA-seq analyses. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:379-96. [PMID: 26843925 PMCID: PMC4729248 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary biology often seeks to decipher the drivers of speciation, and much debate persists over the relative importance of isolation and gene flow in the formation of new species. Genetic studies of closely related species can assess if gene flow was present during speciation, because signatures of past introgression often persist in the genome. We test hypotheses on which mechanisms of speciation drove diversity among three distinct lineages of desert tortoise in the genus Gopherus. These lineages offer a powerful system to study speciation, because different biogeographic patterns (physical vs. ecological segregation) are observed at opposing ends of their distributions. We use 82 samples collected from 38 sites, representing the entire species' distribution and generate sequence data for mtDNA and four nuclear loci. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis in *BEAST estimates the species tree. RNA‐seq data yield 20,126 synonymous variants from 7665 contigs from two individuals of each of the three lineages. Analyses of these data using the demographic inference package ∂a∂i serve to test the null hypothesis of no gene flow during divergence. The best‐fit demographic model for the three taxa is concordant with the *BEAST species tree, and the ∂a∂i analysis does not indicate gene flow among any of the three lineages during their divergence. These analyses suggest that divergence among the lineages occurred in the absence of gene flow and in this scenario the genetic signature of ecological isolation (parapatric model) cannot be differentiated from geographic isolation (allopatric model).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Edwards
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721; University of Arizona Genetics Core University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Marc Tollis
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287
| | - PingHsun Hsieh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Ryan N Gutenkunst
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287
| | - Melanie Culver
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721; Arizona Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit USGS University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Robert W Murphy
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Royal Ontario Museum Toronto ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baird SE, Stonesifer R. Reproductive isolation in Caenorhabditis briggsae: Dysgenic interactions between maternal- and zygotic-effect loci result in a delayed development phenotype. Worm 2013; 1:189-95. [PMID: 24058847 PMCID: PMC3670217 DOI: 10.4161/worm.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In sexual species, speciation occurs through the accumulation of genetic barriers to gene flow. In Caenorhabditis briggsae, one such barrier impedes gene flow between temperate strains and the tropical AF16 strain. Up to 20% of F2 progeny derived from crosses of AF16 to strains from the temperate clade exhibit a delayed development phenotype. This phenotype, which results from dysgenic interactions between maternal- and zygyotic-effect loci, causes a ~21% decrease in the intrinsic growth rate. The maternal-effect requires contributions from both parental genotypes. The dysgenic maternal-effect allele appears to be fixed in the temperate clade of C. briggsae and appears to have arisen between 700 and 15,000 y ago. The dysgenic zygotic allele appears to be present only in AF16 and also may be of recent origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Everet Baird
- Department of Biological Sciences; Wright State University; Dayton, OH USA
| | | |
Collapse
|