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Ortved KF, Alward L, Cowles B, Linardi R, Barot D, Usimaki A, Fedie JR, Amodie D, Goodrich LR. Use of quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics and ELISA to compare the alpha 2 macroglobulin concentration in equine blood-based products processed by three different orthobiologic devices. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1335972. [PMID: 38406632 PMCID: PMC10884094 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1335972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M), a multi-functional protein in the plasma protease inhibitor class, regulates proinflammatory cytokines and the clearance of chondrodestructive enzymes in cases of joint injury and osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to compare A2M concentrations in equine plasma samples processed by three commercial devices developed for stall-side regenerative joint therapy. Methods Plasma samples were obtained from healthy adult horses (N = 13). Mass spectrometry analysis was used to determine the concentration of protein analytes in each sample. Selected reaction monitoring measured a specific A2M peptide as a surrogate of the whole A2M protein. A2M concentrations produced by each test device were compared for two sample types: a pre-concentrate or platelet-poor (PP) component and a final component for use in the horse. Results There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the geometric mean (GM) concentration of A2M in the final concentration samples produced by the Alpha2EQ® device (N horses = 13) and the single-centrifugation PP samples produced by the Pro-Stride® APS (autologous protein solution) device (N = 13) and the Restigen® PRP (platelet-rich plasma) device (N = 11). When A2M content in final concentration samples produced by each device was compared, the Pro-Stride APS and Restigen PRP samples had significantly greater GM A2M content (p < 0.0001) compared to the Alpha2EQ samples, and the Pro-Stride APS final concentration samples had significantly greater GM A2M concentration (p < 0.0001) versus that for the Restigen PRP final samples. Discussion This comparison demonstrated that the volume and A2M concentration of an Alpha2EQ final concentrate are no different than the volume and concentration of A2M in the PP from Pro-Stride or Restigen devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla F. Ortved
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett, PA, United States
| | - Larry Alward
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Bobby Cowles
- Equine Technical Services, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ, United States
| | - Renata Linardi
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett, PA, United States
| | - Dhvani Barot
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett, PA, United States
| | - Alex Usimaki
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett, PA, United States
| | - Joseph R. Fedie
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Deb Amodie
- Outcomes Research, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ, United States
| | - Laurie R. Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO, United States
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Harwood SL, Lyngsø J, Zarantonello A, Kjøge K, Nielsen PK, Andersen GR, Pedersen JS, Enghild JJ. Structural Investigations of Human A2M Identify a Hollow Native Conformation That Underlies Its Distinctive Protease-Trapping Mechanism. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100090. [PMID: 33964423 PMCID: PMC8167298 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human α2-macroglobulin (A2M) is the most characterized protease inhibitor in the alpha-macroglobulin (αM) superfamily, but the structure of its native conformation has not been determined. Here, we combined negative stain electron microscopy (EM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cross-linking-mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to investigate native A2M and its collapsed conformations that are obtained through aminolysis of its thiol ester by methylamine or cleavage of its bait region by trypsin. The combined interpretation of these data resulted in a model of the native A2M tetramer and its conformational changes. Native A2M consists of two crescent-shaped disulfide-bridged subunit dimers, which face toward each other and surround a central hollow space. In native A2M, interactions across the disulfide-bridged dimers are minimal, with a single major interface between the linker (LNK) regions of oppositely positioned subunits. Bait region cleavage induces both intrasubunit domain repositioning and an altered configuration of the disulfide-bridged dimer. These changes collapse the tetramer into a more compact conformation, which encloses an interior protease-trapping cavity. A recombinant A2M with a modified bait region was used to map the bait region's position in native A2M by XL-MS. A second recombinant A2M introduced an intersubunit disulfide into the LNK region, demonstrating the predicted interactions between these regions in native A2M. Altogether, our native A2M model provides a structural foundation for understanding A2M's protease-trapping mechanism, its conformation-dependent receptor interactions, and the dissociation of native A2M into dimers due to inflammatory oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seandean Lykke Harwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lyngsø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Katarzyna Kjøge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Naseraldeen N, Michelis R, Barhoum M, Chezar J, Tadmor T, Aviv A, Shvidel L, Litmanovich A, Shehadeh M, Stemer G, Shaoul E, Braester A. The Role of Alpha 2 Macroglobulin in IgG-Aggregation and Chronic Activation of the Complement System in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603569. [PMID: 33643290 PMCID: PMC7905172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in the western world. One of the treatments offered for CLL is immunotherapy. These treatments activate various cellular and biochemical mechanisms, using the complement system. Recently it was shown that the complement system in CLL patients is persistently activated at a low level through the classical pathway (CP). The mechanism of chronic CP activation involves the formation of IgG-hexamers (IgG-aggregates). According to recent studies, formation of ordered IgG-hexamers occurs on cell surfaces via specific interactions between Fc regions of the IgG monomers, which occur after antigen binding. The present study investigated the formation of IgG-hexamers in CLL patients and normal (non-malignant) controls (NC), their ability to activate complement, their incidence as cell-free and cell-bound forms and the identity of the antigen causing their formation. Sera from 30 patients and 12 NC were used for separation of IgG- aggregates. The obtained IgG- aggregates were measured and used for assessment of CP activation. For evaluation of the presence of IgG- aggregates on blood cells, whole blood samples were stained and assessed by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IgG- aggregates were higher in CLL and they activated the complement system to a higher extent than in NC. Alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) was identified as the antigen causing the hexamerization/aggregation of IgG, and was found to be part of the hexamer structure by mass spectrometry, Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. The presence of A2M-IgG-hexamers on B-cells suggests that it may be formed on B cells surface and then be detached to become cell-free. Alternatively, it may form in the plasma and then attach to the cell surface. The exact time course of A2M-IgG-hexamers formation in CLL should be further studied. The results in this study may be useful for improvement of current immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseba Naseraldeen
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Regina Michelis
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Masad Barhoum
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Judith Chezar
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Aviv
- Department of Hematology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Lev Shvidel
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Litmanovich
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Mona Shehadeh
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Galia Stemer
- Department of Hematology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ety Shaoul
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Andrei Braester
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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Malik HI, Mir AR, Abidi M, Habib S, Khan FH, Moinuddin. Preferential recognition of epitopes on peroxynitrite-modified alpha-2-macroglobulin by circulating autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 38:1984-1994. [PMID: 31179888 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1623073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune responses against post-translationally modified antigens are a hallmark of several autoimmune diseases. In this work, we have studied the changes in alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) upon modification by peroxynitrite. Furthermore, we have evaluated the immunogenicity of modified α2M in experimental rabbits and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Peroxynitrite-modified α2M showed disturbed microenvironment and altered aromatic residues under UV and fluorescence studies. Aggregation, reduction in β-sheet content, production of nitrotyrosine and shift in amide I and II bands were observed in the modified α2M by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis besides CD and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The exposure of hydrophobic clusters and changes in contact positions were observed in ANS and ThT binding assays. Immunological studies using ELISA showed peroxynitrite-modified α2M as highly immunogenic producing high titre of specific antibodies in immunized rabbits. Cross-reactivity studies revealed the polyspecificity of the elicited antibodies. Direct binding ELISA and competitive inhibition studies confirmed the presence of circulating antibodies in the sera of RA patients having high specificity towards the peroxynitrite-modified α2M as compared to the native α2M. Sera from healthy (normal) human subjects showed lower binding with the native and modified protein. This study confirms that peroxynitrite induces structural modifications in α2M and makes it immunogenic. The presence of neo-antigenic determinants on modified α2M with enhanced binding for circulating autoantibodies in RA patients could offer new possibilities for diagnosis and etiopathology of the disease. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Imtiaz Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Abdul Rouf Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Minhal Abidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Safia Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Fahim Halim Khan
- bDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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Priya MT, Sheriff DS. A preliminary study of inflammatory markers in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Libyan J Med 2010; 5. [PMID: 21483580 PMCID: PMC3071177 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v5i0.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels increase in parallel with the progression of chronic liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Inflammatory markers, such as high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), ferritin, transferrin, albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG), alpha-2 macroglobulin (AMG), alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) and lipoprotein a [Lp(a)] were measured in coronary artery disease patients (CAD) and CAD patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the present preliminary study an attempt was made to study whether there is an increase in the levels of CRP in CAD patients associated with NASH. CAD patients showed an increase in CRP and serum ferritin levels. In CAD patients with NASH along with an increase in the levels of serum ferittin (p<0.001), the levels of serum AMG and ceruloplasmin (CP) were also increased (p<0.01). The CAD patients with NASH had a higher proportion of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia compared to CAD patients. But how this difference contributes to the elevation in acute inflammatory markers particularly AMG and CP levels in CAD patients with NASH cannot be explained. This study shows that a substantial number of CAD patients may be associated with NASH. Non-invasive simple parameters that reflect the degree of inflammation and fibrosis of the liver in patients with NASH would facilitate improved understanding and treatment of the disease. Further studies may be necessary to evaluate the percentage of NASH patients progressing to CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manopriya T Priya
- Institute of Research in Science and Medicine, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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