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Schwinne M, Alonso A, Roberts BR, Hickle S, Verberk IMW, Epenge E, Gikelekele G, Tsengele N, Kavugho I, Mampunza S, Yarasheski KE, Teunissen CE, Stringer A, Levey A, Ikanga J. The Association of Alzheimer's Disease-related Blood-based Biomarkers with Cognitive Screening Test Performance in the Congolese Population in Kinshasa. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.28.23294740. [PMID: 37693503 PMCID: PMC10491370 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.23294740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, poses a significant global burden. Diagnosis typically involves invasive and costly methods like neuroimaging or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker testing of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and amyloid-β42/40 (Aβ42/40). Such procedures are especially impractical in resource-constrained regions, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Blood-based biomarker testing may provide a more accessible screening opportunity. Objective This study aims to examine if AD-related blood-based biomarkers are associated with cognitive test performance in the Congolese population, where limited research has been conducted. Methods In this cross-sectional study of 81 Congolese individuals, cognitive assessments (Alzheimer's Questionnaire (AQ) and Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSID)) distinguished dementia cases from controls. Blood draws were taken to assess p-tau 181 and Aβ42/40 biomarkers. Relationships between the biomarkers and cognitive performance were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. Results Lower plasma Aβ42/40 was significantly associated with lower CSID scores and higher AQ scores, indicative of AD (p<0.001). These relationships were observed in healthy controls (CSID p=0.01, AQ p=0.03), but not in dementia cases. However, p-tau 181 did not exhibit significant associations with either measure. Factors such as age, sex, education, presence of APOE e4 allele, did not alter these relationships. Conclusion Understanding relationships between AD-related screening tests and blood-biomarkers is a step towards utilization of blood-based biomarker tests as a screening tool for AD, especially in resource-limited regions. Further research should be conducted to evaluate blood biomarker test efficacy in larger samples and other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Schwinne
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Department of neurology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sabrina Hickle
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Inge MW Verberk
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universitiet, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Epenge
- University of Kinshasa and Catholic University of Congo, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa, B.P. 4745 Kinshasa II, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Guy Gikelekele
- University of Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, Kinshasa, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Nathan Tsengele
- University of Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, Kinshasa, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
- University of Kikwit, Faculty of Medicine, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Immaculee Kavugho
- Memory Clinic of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Samuel Mampunza
- University of Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, Kinshasa, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universitiet, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anthony Stringer
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Allan Levey
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jean Ikanga
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Protestant University of Congo, Kinshasa, B.P. 4745 Kinshasa II, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Vig V, Garg I, Tuz-Zahra F, Xu J, Tripodis Y, Nicks R, Xia W, Alvarez VE, Alosco ML, Stein TD, Subramanian ML. Vitreous Humor Biomarkers Reflect Pathological Changes in the Brain for Alzheimer's Disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230167. [PMID: 37182888 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with eye disease have an increased risk for developing neurodegenerative disease. Neurodegenerative proteins can be measured in the eye; however, correlations between biomarker levels in eye fluid and neuropathological diagnoses have not been established. OBJECTIVE This exploratory, retrospective study examined vitreous humor from 41 postmortem eyes and brain tissue with neuropathological diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 7), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE, n = 15), both AD + CTE (n = 10), and without significant neuropathology (controls, n = 9). METHODS Protein biomarkers i.e., amyloid-β (Aβ 40,42), total tau (tTau), phosphorylated tau (pTau181,231), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and eotaxin-1 were quantitatively measured by immunoassay. Non-parametric tests were used to compare vitreous biomarker levels between groups. Spearman's rank correlation tests were used to correlate biomarker levels in vitreous and cortical tissue. The level of significance was set to α= 0.10. RESULTS In pairwise comparisons, tTau levels were significantly increased in AD and CTE groups versus controls (p = 0.08 for both) as well as AD versus AD+CTE group and CTE versus AD+CTE group (p = 0.049 for both). Vitreous NfL levels were significantly increased in low CTE (Stage I/II) versus no CTE (p = 0.096) and in low CTE versus high CTE stage (p = 0.03). Vitreous and cortical tissue levels of pTau 231 (p = 0.02, r = 0.38) and t-Tau (p = 0.04, r = -0.34) were significantly correlated. CONCLUSION The postmortem vitreous humor biomarker levels significantly correlate with AD and CTE pathology in corresponding brains, while vitreous NfL was correlated with the CTE staging. This exploratory study indicates that biomarkers in the vitreous humor may serve as a proxy for neuropathological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viha Vig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itika Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Fatima Tuz-Zahra
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond Nicks
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manju L Subramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Li Puma DD, Piacentini R, Grassi C. Does Impairment of Adult Neurogenesis Contribute to Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease? A Still Open Question. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:578211. [PMID: 33551741 PMCID: PMC7862134 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.578211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a physiological mechanism contributing to hippocampal memory formation. Several studies associated altered hippocampal neurogenesis with aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether amyloid-β protein (Aβ)/tau accumulation impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and, consequently, the hippocampal circuitry, involved in memory formation, or altered neurogenesis is an epiphenomenon of AD neuropathology contributing negligibly to the AD phenotype, is, especially in humans, still debated. The detrimental effects of Aβ/tau on synaptic function and neuronal viability have been clearly addressed both in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Until some years ago, studies carried out on in vitro models investigating the action of Aβ/tau on proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells led to contrasting results, mainly due to discrepancies arising from different experimental conditions (e.g., different cellular/animal models, different Aβ and/or tau isoforms, concentrations, and/or aggregation profiles). To date, studies investigating in situ adult hippocampal neurogenesis indicate severe impairment in most of transgenic AD mice; this impairment precedes by several months cognitive dysfunction. Using experimental tools, which only became available in the last few years, research in humans indicated that hippocampal neurogenesis is altered in cognitive declined individuals affected by either mild cognitive impairment or AD as well as in normal cognitive elderly with a significant inverse relationship between the number of newly formed neurons and cognitive impairment. However, despite that such information is available, the question whether impaired neurogenesis contributes to AD pathogenesis or is a mere consequence of Aβ/pTau accumulation is not definitively answered. Herein, we attempted to shed light on this complex and very intriguing topic by reviewing relevant literature on impairment of adult neurogenesis in mouse models of AD and in AD patients analyzing the temporal relationship between the occurrence of altered neurogenesis and the appearance of AD hallmarks and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Gautieri A, Beeg M, Gobbi M, Rigoldi F, Colombo L, Salmona M. The Anti-Amyloidogenic Action of Doxycycline: A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Interaction with Aβ42. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4641. [PMID: 31546787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins is a hallmark of many neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and prion diseases. We have shown both in vitro and in vivo that doxycycline can inhibit the aggregation of Aβ42 amyloid fibrils and disassemble mature amyloid fibrils. However, the molecular mechanisms of the drug’s anti-amyloidogenic property are not understood. In this study, a series of molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explain the molecular mechanism of the destabilization of Aβ42 fibrils by doxycycline and to compare the action of doxycycline with those of iododoxorubicin (a toxic structural homolog of tetracyclines), curcumin (known to have anti-amyloidogenic activity) and gentamicin (an antibiotic with no experimental evidence of anti-amyloidogenic properties). We found that doxycycline tightly binds the exposed hydrophobic amino acids of the Aβ42 amyloid fibrils, partly leading to destabilization of the fibrillar structure. Clarifying the molecular determinants of doxycycline binding to Aβ42 may help devise further strategies for structure-based drug design for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Gao Z, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhang S, Jia Y, Li F, Ding H, Li X, Chen Z, Wei Q. AuCu xO-Embedded Mesoporous CeO 2 Nanocomposites as a Signal Probe for Electrochemical Sensitive Detection of Amyloid-Beta Protein. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:12335-12341. [PMID: 30855126 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for detecting amyloid-beta protein was fabricated based on Au NP-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (Au@rGO) as an effective sensing platform and AuCu xO-embedded mesoporous CeO2 (AuCu xO@m-CeO2) nanocomposites as the catalytic matrix. The AuCu xO@m-CeO2 composites were obtained by adjusting the amount of m-CeO2 in the reaction to expose enormous active sites. Also, AuCu xO@m-CeO2 was applied as a matrix to immobilize antibodies by forming bridged bonds between m-CeO2 and carboxyl functional groups of antibodies without additional agents. Furthermore, AuCu xO with prominent catalytic activities dramatically improved the performance of the fabricated immunosensor. Also, the morphology, structure, and electronic state of the surface were characterized by SEM, XRD, TEM, and XPS. In addition, the immunosensor demonstrated a wide linear range of 100 fg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1. This study may provide a way for sensitively detecting various biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - Faying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | | | | | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
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Mei ZR, Tan XP, Liu SZ, Huang HH. [Puerarin alleviates cognitive impairment and tau hyperphosphorylation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2016; 41:3285-9. [PMID: 28920384 DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20161727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To observe the effect of puerarin on learning and memory function and tau phosphorylation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, drugs were administered to 3-month old APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Learning and memory function of mice were assessed by Morris water maze test 3 months after treatment. Animals were decapitated after behavioral test. The levels of Aβ were detected by ELISA, the expression of protein [tau, phosphorylated tau, GSK3β and p-GSK3β(Ser9)] were assessed by Western blot. Morris water maze test showed that the escape latency of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice was significantly longer than that of the normal control group, and the residence time of the original quadrant was significantly shorter. The escape latency of puerarin group was significantly shorter and the residence time of the original quadrant was prolonged compared with the model group. Compared with the normal control group, the levels of Aβ in the cortex of APP/PS1 transgenic mice were increased, the expression of phosphorylated tau was significantly increased, and the expression of phosphorylated GSK3β(Ser9) protein was decreased. Treatment with puerarin, the latency of APP/PS1 transgenic mice was significantly reduced, the level of Aβ was decreased, the expression of phosphorylated tau was significantly decreased, and the expression of phosphorylated GSK3β(Ser9) protein was increased. Puerarin improves the learning and memory impairment by reducing the formation of Aβ, activating the GSK3β signaling pathway, inhibiting the phosphorylation of tau in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice.
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Mokhtar SH, Kim MJ, Magee KA, Aui PM, Thomas S, Bakhuraysah MM, Alrehaili AA, Lee JY, Steer DL, Kenny R, McLean C, Azari MF, Birpanagos A, Lipiec E, Heraud P, Wood B, Petratos S. Amyloid-beta-dependent phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein-2 dissociates kinesin in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1066-1080. [PMID: 29926835 PMCID: PMC6022475 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Prior to the development of these characteristic pathological hallmarks of AD, anterograde axonal transport is impaired. However, the key proteins that initiate these intracellular impairments remain elusive. The collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) plays an integral role in kinesin-1-dependent axonal transport and there is evidence that phosphorylation of CRMP-2 releases kinesin-1. Here, we tested the hypothesis that amyloid-beta (Aβ)-dependent phosphorylation of CRMP-2 disrupts its association with the kinesin-1 (an anterograde axonal motor transport protein) in AD. We found that brain sections and lysates from AD patients demonstrated elevated phosphorylation of CRMP-2 at the T555 site. Additionally, in the transgenic Tg2576 mouse model of familial AD (FAD) that exhibits Aβ accumulation in the brain with age, we found substantial co-localization of pT555CRMP-2 and dystrophic neurites. In SH-SY5Y differentiated neuronal cultures, Aβ-dependent phosphorylation of CRMP-2 at the T555 site was also elevated and this reduced the CRMP-2 association with kinesin-1. The overexpression of an unphosphorylatable form of CRMP-2 in neurons promoted the re-establishment of CRMP-2-kinesin association and axon elongation. These data suggest that Aβ-dependent phosphorylation of CRMP-2 at the T555 site may directly impair anterograde axonal transport protein function, leading to neuronal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Mokhtar
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Min Joung Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie A Magee
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pei Mun Aui
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Speros Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maha M Bakhuraysah
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amani A Alrehaili
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Steer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Kenny
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael F Azari
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonis Birpanagos
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ilisia, Athens, Greece
| | - Ewlina Lipiec
- The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Applied Spectroscopy, Radzikowskiego, Krakow, Poland
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bayden Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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Li X, Zhao W, Yang H, Zhang J, Ma J. S14G-humanin restored cellular homeostasis disturbed by amyloid-beta protein. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2573-80. [PMID: 25206568 PMCID: PMC4145930 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.27.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin is a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease, and its derivative, S14G-humanin, is 1 000-fold stronger in its neuroprotective effect against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults. Al-though effective, the detailed molecular mechanism through which S14G-humanin exerts its effects remains unclear. Data from this study showed that fibrillar amyloid-beta 40 disturbed cellular ho-meostasis through the cell membrane, increasing intracellular calcium, generating reactive oxygen species, and decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. S14G-humanin restored these responses. The results suggested that S14G-humanin blocked the effects of amyloid-beta 40 on the neuronal cell membrane, and restored the disturbed cellular homeostasis, thereby exerting a neu-roprotective effect on hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Wencong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhengzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhengzhou 450012, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
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Subhadra B, Schaller K, Seeds NW. Neuroserpin up-regulation in the Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with elevated thyroid hormone receptor-β1 and HuD expression. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:476-81. [PMID: 24036060 PMCID: PMC3902180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroserpin, the major inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in brain, has been shown to be up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of tPA activity leads to reduced brain levels of plasmin, one of the main enzymes responsible for the degradation and clearance of amyloid-beta and its plaques from the brain. Thyroid hormone is one of the few factors known to enhance expression of neuroserpin in neurons. Thyroid hormone acts on neurons by binding to its receptors THR1α and THR1β, which then function in the nucleus to up-regulate the expression of numerous genes including the RNA-binding protein HuD. HuD acts post-transcriptionally to enhance expression of numerous proteins including neuroserpin by stabilizing their mRNAs. A series of Alzheimer's disease brain tissues were compared to age-matched control brains for their expression of neuroserpin, THRβ1 and HuD by western blotting. Alzheimer's disease brain tissues with elevated neuroserpin protein also showed increased expression of THRβ1 and HuD. Pair-wise analyses showed significant correlation p-values between neuroserpin, THRβ1 and HuD levels; suggesting that the up-regulation of neuroserpin in Alzheimer's disease brain may result from an activation of the thyroid hormone response system in these individuals. These findings provide evidence for a potential relationship between thyroid hormone disorders and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobban Subhadra
- Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico HSC, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kristin Schaller
- Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado HSC, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Seeds
- Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico HSC, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado HSC, Denver, CO, USA
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Fu W, Patel A, Jhamandas JH. Amylin receptor: a common pathophysiological target in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:42. [PMID: 23966942 PMCID: PMC3744041 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein, which are deposited within pancreatic islets of diabetics and brains of Alzheimer’s patients respectively, share many biophysical and physiological properties. Emerging evidence indicates that the amylin receptor is a putative target receptor for the actions of human amylin and Aβ in the brain. The amylin receptor consists of the calcitonin receptor dimerized with a receptor activity-modifying protein and is widely distributed within central nervous system. Both amylin and Aβ directly activate this G protein-coupled receptor and trigger multiple common intracellular signal transduction pathways that can culminate in apoptotic cell death. Moreover, amylin receptor antagonists can block both the biological and neurotoxic effects of human amylin and Aβ. Amylin receptors thus appear to be involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes, and could serve as a molecular link between the two conditions that are associated epidemiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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Paranjape GS, Gouwens LK, Osborn DC, Nichols MR. Isolated amyloid-β(1-42) protofibrils, but not isolated fibrils, are robust stimulators of microglia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:302-11. [PMID: 22860196 DOI: 10.1021/cn2001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques composed of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) are an unshakable feature of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Although there is significant debate on the role of the plaques in AD progression, there is little disagreement on their role in stimulating a robust inflammatory response within the context of the disease. Significant inflammatory markers such as activated microglia and cytokines are observed almost exclusively surrounding the plaques. However, recent evidence suggests that the plaque exterior may contain a measurable level of soluble Aβ aggregates. The observations that microglia activation in vivo is selectively stimulated by distinct Aβ deposits led us to examine what specific form of Aβ is the most effective proinflammatory mediator in vitro. We report here that soluble prefibrillar species of Aβ(1-42) were better than fibrils at inducing microglial tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production in either BV-2 and primary murine microglia. Reconstitution of Aβ(1-42) in NaOH followed by dilution into F-12 media and isolation with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) revealed classic curvilinear β-sheet protofibrils 100 nm in length. The protofibrils, but not monomers, markedly activated BV-2 microglia. Comparisons were also made between freshly isolated protofibrils and Aβ(1-42) fibrils prepared from SEC-purified monomer. Surprisingly, while isolated fibrils had a much higher level of thioflavin T fluorescence per mole, they were not effective at stimulating either primary or BV-2 murine microglia compared to protofibrils. Furthermore, SEC-isolated Aβ(1-40) protofibrils exhibited significantly less activity than concentration-matched Aβ(1-42). This report is the first to demonstrate microglial activation by SEC-purified protofibrils, and the overall findings indicate that small, soluble Aβ(1-42) protofibrils induce much greater microglial activation than mature insoluble fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta S. Paranjape
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center
for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Lisa K. Gouwens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center
for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - David C. Osborn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center
for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Michael R. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center
for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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Schneider LS, Kennedy RE, Cutter GR. Requiring an amyloid-beta1-42 biomarker for prodromal Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment does not lead to more efficient clinical trials. Alzheimers Dement 2010; 6:367-77. [PMID: 20813339 PMCID: PMC2947209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta(1-42) concentration and high total-tau/Abeta(1-42) ratio have been recommended to support the diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and also to select patients for clinical trials (Shaw et al, Ann Neurol 2009;65:403-13; Dubois et al, Lancet Neurol 2007;6:734-46). METHODS We tested this recommendation with clinical trials simulations using patients from the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative who fulfilled the following entry criteria: (1) aMCI, (2) aMCI with CSF Abeta(1-42) 0.39. For each criterion, we randomly resampled the database obtaining samples for 1000 trials for each trial scenario, planning for 1 or 2 year trials with samples from 50 to 400 patients per treatment or placebo group, with up to 40% dropouts, outcomes after using the AD assessment scale-cognitive subscale and clinical dementia rating scale with effect sizes ranging from 0.15 to 0.75, and calculated statistical power. FINDINGS Approximately 70% to 74% of aMCI patients with CSF measures met biomarker criteria. The addition of the low Abeta(1-42) or high tau/Abeta(1-42) requirement resulted in minimal or no increase in the power of the trials compared with enrolling aMCI without requiring the biomarker criteria. Slightly larger mean differences between the placebo and treatment groups fulfilling biomarker criteria were offset by increased outcome variability within the groups. INTERPRETATIONS Although patients with aMCI or patients with prodromal AD meeting CSF biomarkers criteria were slightly more cognitively impaired and showed greater decline than patients with aMCI diagnosed without considering the biomarkers, the requirement of biomarker-positive patients would most likely not result in more efficient clinical trials, and trials would take longer because fewer patients would be available. A CSF Abeta(1-42) marker, however, could be useful as an explanatory variable or covariate when warranted by the action of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon S Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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