|
1
|
Liu SP, Yin HD, Li WJ, Qin ZH, Yang Y, Huang ZZ, Zong L, Liu XK, Du Z, Fan WL, Zhang YQ, Zhang D, Zhang YE, Liu XY, Yang D, Ge SQ. The Morphological Transformation of the Thorax during the Eclosion of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Insects 2023; 14:893. [PMID: 37999092 PMCID: PMC10671814 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, as a species of Holometabola, undergoes a series of transformations during metamorphosis. To deeply understand its development, it is crucial to study its anatomy during the key developmental stages. We describe the anatomical systems of the thorax, including the endoskeleton, musculature, nervous ganglion, and digestive system, from the late pupal stage to the adult stage, based on micro-CT and 3D visualizations. The development of the endoskeleton causes original and insertional changes in muscles. Several muscles change their shape during development in a non-uniform manner with respect to both absolute and relative size; some become longer and broader, while others shorten and become narrower. Muscular shape may vary during development. The number of muscular bundles also increases or decreases. Growing muscles are probably anchored by the tissues in the stroma. Some muscles and tendons are absent in the adult stage, possibly due to the hardened sclerites. Nearly all flight muscles are present by the third day of the pupal stage, which may be due to the presence of more myofibers with enough mitochondria to support flight power. There are sexual differences in the same developmental period. In contrast to the endodermal digestive system, the functions of most thoracic muscles change in the development from the larva to the adult in order to support more complex locomotion under the control of a more structured ventral nerve cord based on the serial homology proposed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Pei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Hao-Dong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Wen-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Zhuang-Hui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Zheng-Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Le Zong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Zhong Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Wei-Li Fan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yong E. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Xing-Yue Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Ding Yang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Si-Qin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.-P.L.); (H.-D.Y.); (W.-J.L.); (Z.-H.Q.); (Y.Y.); (Z.-Z.H.); (L.Z.); (X.-K.L.); (Z.D.); (W.-L.F.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (D.Z.); (Y.E.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Xin L, Liu K, He B, Chen M, Tang B, Tang C, Zhang L. Morphological classification and clinical significance of medial malleolus based on computed tomography three-dimensional reconstruction. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2021; 82:176-182. [PMID: 34966997 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2021.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal malleolus fractures and postoperative functional limitations are serious complications of deltoid ligament repair, reconstruction, while studies on conducting beak. Anatomical structure classification of medial malleolus at home and abroad is reported rarely. Hence, this morphological study is mainly designed to investigate the anatomical morphological classification and clinical significance of medial malleolus based on computed tomography (CT) three-dimensional reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS From October 2018 to January 2021, 373 patients who underwent CT examination of malleolus medialis joint in the Jiang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were observed. The medial malleolus was observed and classified; then, geometric parameters were measured according to different medial malleolus types. RESULTS According to the results of 373 cases, medial malleolus can be divided into four types: omega type (66%), radical sign type (16%), inverted triangle type (14%), and wave type (4%). CONCLUSIONS There are four main shapes: omega, inverted triangle, radical sign, and wave in the medial malleolus of all normal ankles. The measurement of medial malleolus parameters according to medial malleolus in different shapes was of importance to guide smooth operation of medial malleolus fixation and deltoid ligament reconstruction and epidemiological.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Xin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yibin Sichuan, China.
| | - K Liu
- Department of Radiology, Yibin Third People's Hospital, Yibin Sichuan, China
| | - B He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yibin Sichuan, China
| | - M Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yibin Sichuan, China
| | - B Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yibin Sichuan, China
| | - C Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yibin Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou Sichuan, China.,Centre for Orthopaedic Diseases Research, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou Sichuan, China.,Expert Workstation in Luzhou, Luzhou Sichuan, China.,Clinical Base of Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Guangdong Province Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation Engineering Technology Research Centre, Luzhou Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Zhang T, Chen H, Razavi MJ, Li Y, Ge F, Guo L, Wang X, Liu T. Exploring 3-hinge gyral folding patterns among HCP Q3 868 human subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4134-4149. [PMID: 29947164 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison and integration of neuroimaging data from different brains and populations are fundamental in neuroscience. Over the past decades, the neuroimaging field has largely depended on image registration to compare and integrate neuroimaging data from individuals in a common reference space, with a basic assumption that the brains are similar. However, the intrinsic neuroanatomical complexity and huge interindividual cortical folding variation remain underexplored. Here we focus on a specific cortical convolution pattern, termed 3-hinge gyral folding, which is the conjunction of gyri from multiple orientations and has unique and consistent anatomically, structurally, and functionally connective patterns across subjects. By developing a novel shape descriptor and a two-stage clustering pipeline, we devise an automatic method to identify 3-hinges in the Human Connectome Project Q3 868 human brains, and further parameterize the complexity of such a pattern and quantify its regularity and variation in terms of 3-hinge number, position, and morphology. Our results not only exhibit the huge interindividual variations, but also reveal regular relationship between gyral hinges and other factors, such as their locations and cortical morphologies. It is found that "line-shape" cortices have relatively more consistent 3-hinge shape pattern distributions, and certain types of 3-hinge patterns favor particular cortical morphologies. In addition, more 3-hinges are found on "line-shape" cortices while their numbers vary more across subjects than those on "non-line-shape" cortices. This study adds new insights into a better understanding of the regularity and variability of human brain anatomy, and their functional aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhang
- Brain Decoding Research Center and School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanbo Chen
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mir Jalil Razavi
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Yujie Li
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Fangfei Ge
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lei Guo
- Brain Decoding Research Center and School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Abstract
PURPOSE The morphology of the proximal femur has been extensively studied in the adult population. However, no literature providing a comprehensive evaluation of the anatomy in paediatric patients exists. The current study aims to characterize such anatomy in skeletally-immature patients, examine potential differences between genders, and analyze how these anatomical parameters change with age. METHODS Cadaveric femurs from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection were examined. Specimens with open physes and no skeletal disease or deformity were included for analysis. Age and gender were recorded for each specimen. Each femur was photographed in standardized modified axial and anteroposterior views. In all, 14 proximal femoral anatomical parameters were measured from these photographs. Comparisons between genders and age were calculated. RESULTS A total of 43 femurs from ages four to 17 years met inclusion criteria. The majority were female (56%); no difference existed in age between genders (p = 0.62). The specimens had a neutral mean neck-shaft angle (130.7º) and anteversion (12.8º), and the sphericity of the ossified femoral heads was symmetrical. Male specimens had significantly higher alpha angles (p = 0.01), posterior offset (p = 0.02), neck width (p = 0.04) and head-neck length ratio (p = 0.02) values than female specimens. Strong positive correlations exist between length/size parameters and age, while negligible correlations were noted for angular measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes reference values for a comprehensive list of anatomical parameters for the skeletally-immature ossified proximal femur. It highlights gender differences in morphology and demonstrates that angular characteristics remain relatively stable while length parameters generally increase with age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III Diagnostic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. G. Beutel
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Department of Orthopaedics, New York, New York, USA
| | - S. J. Girdler
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, USA, Correspondence should be sent to S. J. Girdler, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, United States. E-mail:
| | - J. A. Collins
- Intercoastal Orthopaedic Group, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - N. Y. Otsuka
- Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Bronx, New York, New York, USA
| | - A. Chu
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|