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Wang HL, Chen T, Zhang B, Wang G, Yang X, Wu K, Wang Y. A Dual-Responsive Artificial Skin for Tactile and Touchless Interfaces. Small 2023; 19:e2206830. [PMID: 36700923 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The progress from intelligent interactions and supplemented/augmented reality requires artificial skins to shift from the single-functional tactile paradigm. Dual-responsive sensors that can both detect pre-contact proximal events and tactile pressure levels enrich the perception dimensions and deliver additional cognitive information. Previous dual-responsive sensors show very limited utilizations only in proximity perception or approaching switches. Whereas, the approaching inputs from the environment should be able to convey more valuable messages. Herein, a flexible iontronic dual-responsive artificial skin is present. The artificial skin is sensitive to external object's applied pressure as well as its approaching, and can elicit information of target material categories encoded in the proximal inputs. Versatile applications are then demonstrated. Dual-mode human-machine interfaces are developed based on the devices, including a manipulation of virtual game characters, navigation and zooming in of electronic maps, and scrolling through electronic documents. More importantly, the proof-of-concept application of an entirely touchless material classification system is demonstrated. Three types of materials (metals, polymers, and human skins) are classified and predicted accurately. These features of the artificial skin make it highly promising for next-generation smart engineered electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lu Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tianyu Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bojian Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Guohui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xudong Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kunlin Wu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Yim W, Zhou J, Sasi L, Zhao J, Yeung J, Cheng Y, Jin Z, Johnson W, Xu M, Palma-Chavez J, Fu L, Qi B, Retout M, Shah NJ, Bae J, Jokerst JV. 3D-Bioprinted Phantom with Human Skin Phototypes for Biomedical Optics. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2206385. [PMID: 36305604 PMCID: PMC9868107 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
3D-bioprinted skin-mimicking phantoms with skin colors ranging across the Fitzpatrick scale are reported. These tools can help understand the impact of skin phototypes on biomedical optics. Synthetic melanin nanoparticles of different sizes (70-500 nm) and clusters are fabricated to mimic the optical behavior of melanosome. The absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient of the phantoms are comparable to real human skin. Further the melanin content and distribution in the phantoms versus real human skins are validated via photoacoustic (PA) imaging. The PA signal of the phantom can be improved by: 1) increasing melanin size (3-450-fold), 2) increasing clustering (2-10.5-fold), and 3) increasing concentration (1.3-8-fold). Then, multiple biomedical optics tools (e.g., PA, fluorescence imaging, and photothermal therapy) are used to understand the impact of skin tone on these modalities. These well-defined 3D-bioprinted phantoms may have value in translating biomedical optics and reducing racial bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lekshmi Sasi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wade Johnson
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Palma-Chavez
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lei Fu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Baiyan Qi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nisarg J. Shah
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Ye Q, Chen SH, Zhang Y, Ruan B, Zhang YJ, Zhang XK, Jiang T, Wang X, Ma N, Tsai FC. Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol/ Lauramidopropyl Betaine/2D-HOF Mixed Film with Abundant Hydrogen Bonds Acts as High Mechanical Strength Artificial Skin. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100317. [PMID: 34626523 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of artificial skins are complicated to maintain under ensuring air permeability and antimicrobial. Thus, a series of hydrophilic antimicrobial polymer networks are prepared by crosslinking chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol with the lauramidopropyl betaine and hydrogen bond organic framework (CS/PVA/LPB/2D-HOF). The mechanical performance of the control groups and the complex are systematically evaluated to attain an artificial strength skin. The CS/PVA/LPB/2D-HOF complex exhibits strong mechanical abilities than other control groups. By analyzing the IR spectra and the morphology, the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonds between molecules and cracks significantly improves the mechanical properties of the complex. Its maximum tensile strength can reach 29 MPa, and its maximum load capacity can reach 3700 g. Notably, the composite membrane also performs an excellent antimicrobial activity. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that the hybrid membrane can promote tissue regeneration and wound healing (95%). These results may open up the opportunity for future composite material investigations in the artificial skin and tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shu-Han Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Bo Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yi-Jie Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xin-Ke Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Department Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Fang-Chang Tsai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
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Lee JH, Heo JS, Lee KW, Shin JC, Jo JW, Kim YH, Park SK. Locally Controlled Sensing Properties of Stretchable Pressure Sensors Enabled by Micro-Patterned Piezoresistive Device Architecture. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6588. [PMID: 33218017 PMCID: PMC7698782 DOI: 10.3390/s20226588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For wearable health monitoring systems and soft robotics, stretchable/flexible pressure sensors have continuously drawn attention owing to a wide range of potential applications such as the detection of human physiological and activity signals, and electronic skin (e-skin). Here, we demonstrated a highly stretchable pressure sensor using silver nanowires (AgNWs) and photo-patternable polyurethane acrylate (PUA). In particular, the characteristics of the pressure sensors could be moderately controlled through a micro-patterned hole structure in the PUA spacer and size-designs of the patterned hole area. With the structural-tuning strategies, adequate control of the site-specific sensitivity in the range of 47~83 kPa-1 and in the sensing range from 0.1 to 20 kPa was achieved. Moreover, stacked AgNW/PUA/AgNW (APA) structural designed pressure sensors with mixed hole sizes of 10/200 µm and spacer thickness of 800 µm exhibited high sensitivity (~171.5 kPa-1) in the pressure sensing range of 0~20 kPa, fast response (100~110 ms), and high stretchability (40%). From the results, we envision that the effective structural-tuning strategy capable of controlling the sensing properties of the APA pressure sensor would be employed in a large-area stretchable pressure sensor system, which needs site-specific sensing properties, providing monolithic implementation by simply arranging appropriate micro-patterned hole architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.W.L.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Jae Sang Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Keon Woo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.W.L.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Jae Cheol Shin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.W.L.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Jeong-Wan Jo
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK;
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.H.L.); (K.W.L.); (J.C.S.)
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Low ZWK, Li Z, Owh C, Chee PL, Ye E, Kai D, Yang DP, Loh XJ. Using Artificial Skin Devices as Skin Replacements: Insights into Superficial Treatment. Small 2019; 15:e1805453. [PMID: 30690897 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial skin devices are able to mimic the flexibility and sensory perception abilities of the skin. They have thus garnered attention in the biomedical field as potential skin replacements. This Review delves into issues pertaining to these skin-deep devices. It first elaborates on the roles that these devices have to fulfill as skin replacements, and identify strategies that are used to achieve such functionality. Following which, a comparison is done between the current state of these skin-deep devices and that of natural skin. Finally, an outlook on artificial skin devices is presented, which discusses how complementary technologies can create skin enhancements, and what challenges face such devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Kenny Low
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Cally Owh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Da-Peng Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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Harada S, Kanao K, Yamamoto Y, Arie T, Akita S, Takei K. Fully printed flexible fingerprint-like three-axis tactile and slip force and temperature sensors for artificial skin. ACS Nano 2014; 8:12851-7. [PMID: 25437513 DOI: 10.1021/nn506293y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A three-axis tactile force sensor that determines the touch and slip/friction force may advance artificial skin and robotic applications by fully imitating human skin. The ability to detect slip/friction and tactile forces simultaneously allows unknown objects to be held in robotic applications. However, the functionalities of flexible devices have been limited to a tactile force in one direction due to difficulties fabricating devices on flexible substrates. Here we demonstrate a fully printed fingerprint-like three-axis tactile force and temperature sensor for artificial skin applications. To achieve economic macroscale devices, these sensors are fabricated and integrated using only printing methods. Strain engineering enables the strain distribution to be detected upon applying a slip/friction force. By reading the strain difference at four integrated force sensors for a pixel, both the tactile and slip/friction forces can be analyzed simultaneously. As a proof of concept, the high sensitivity and selectivity for both force and temperature are demonstrated using a 3×3 array artificial skin that senses tactile, slip/friction, and temperature. Multifunctional sensing components for a flexible device are important advances for both practical applications and basic research in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Harada
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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