Activated Carbon with Ultrahigh Specific Surface Derived from Bamboo Shoot Shell through K2FeO4 Oxidative Pyrolysis for Adsorption of Methylene Blue

To effectively remove methylene blue (MB) from dye wastewater, a novel activated carbon (BAC) was manufactured through co-pyrolysis of bamboo shoot shell and K₂FeO₄. The activation process was optimized to a temperature of 750 °C and an activation time of 90 min based on its excellent adsorption capacity of 560.94 mg/g with a yield of 10.03%. The physicochemical and adsorption properties of BACs were investigated. The BAC had an ultrahigh specific surface area of 2327.7 cm²/g and abundant active functional groups. The adsorption mechanisms included chemisorption and physisorption. The Freundlich model could be used to describe the isothermal adsorption of MB. The kinetics confirmed that the adsorption of MB belonged to the pseudo-second-order model. Intra-particle diffusion was the main rate-limiting step. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and temperature was beneficial for the improvement of adsorption property. Furthermore, the removal rate of MB was 63.5% after three cycles. The BAC will have great potential for commercial development for purifying dye wastewater.

Partial substitution of whole-crop corn with bamboo shoot shell improves aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage without affecting in vitro digestibility

To evaluate the feasibility of bamboo shoot shell (BSS) application in total mixed ration silage (TMR) production, the effects of BSS substitution for whole-crop corn on the fermentation characteristics, nutritive value, aerobic stability and in vitro parameters of TMR silage were studied. Four TMR formulations were designed based on dry matter: (1) 0% bamboo shoot shell + 23% whole-crop corn (BSS₀ ); (2) 4% bamboo shoot shell + 19% whole-crop corn (BSS₄ ); (3) 8% bamboo shoot shell + 15% whole-crop corn (BSS₈ ); and (4) 12% bamboo shoot shell + 11% whole-crop corn (BSS₁₂ ). After 90 days of ensiling, the silos were opened and sampled for fermentation characteristics, nutritive value and in vitro analyses, and subsequent 14-day aerobic stability test. All TMR silages were well preserved except BSS₁₂ , characterized by high lactic acid content and V-score, low pH and NH₃ -N and butyric acid content. With increasing proportion of BSS, crude protein increased (p <.05), and water soluble carbohydrate decreased (p < .05). Under aerobic exposure, BSS-substituted (BSS₄ , BSS₈ and BSS₁₂ ) silages were more stable than BSS₀ silage, as characterized by relatively low silage temperature and high water soluble carbohydrate content. No obvious (p> .05) difference of BSS substitution was observed on in vitro ruminal gas production, digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation. The substitution of whole-crop corn with 4% BSS and 8% BSS had no undesired effect on the fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility, and efficiently improving the aerobic stability of TMR silages. The BSS₈ substitution level is recommended to maximize the BSS utilization.

Improving ruminal degradability and energetic values of bamboo shoot shell using chemical treatments

This study evaluated effects of different treatments on nutritive value of bamboo shoot shell (BSS). Five treatments were sun-drying (control), ammoniation (5%/dry matter (DM) urea), Ca(OH)2 (4%/DM calcium hydroxide), NaOH (4%/DM sodium hydroxide), and AHP (4%/DM sodium hydroxide plus 1%/DM hydrogen peroxide). The results showed that chemical composition of BSS was greatly changed by chemicals (P < 0.01) except acid-detergent lignin. All chemical treatments significantly reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content except AHP (P < 0.01), and obviously increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (P < 0.01) except ammoniation. The predicted organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation of BSS were greatly increased by chemical treatments (P < 0.01), the highest for ammoniation, followed by Ca(OH)2 , NaOH and AHP. Ammoniation had higher (P = 0.03) ammonia-N concentration than the other four treatments. There were significant differences among all treatments on total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.03), propionate (P = 0.01), butyrate concentration (P < 0.01) and C2 /C3 ratio (P = 0.02). Chemical treatments greatly improved effective degradability (ED) of DM (P < 0.01) and ED of NDF (P = 0.06) and ADF (P = 0.07) numerically. Ammoniation got a higher ED of crude protein than control. In conclusion, all chemical treatments greatly improved nutritive value of BSS with highest value obtained from ammoniation, followed by strong alkalization, alkaline hydrogen peroxide and modest alkalization.