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Weiss A, Delavenne E, Matias C, Lagler H, Simon D, Li P, Hansen JU, Dos Santos TP, Jana B, Priemel P, Bangert C, Bauer M, Eberl S, Nussbaumer-Pröll A, Anne Österreicher Z, Matzneller P, Quint T, Weber M, Nielsen HM, Rades T, Johansen HK, Westh H, Kim W, Mylonakis E, Friis C, Guardabassi L, Pace J, Lundberg CV, M'Zali F, Butty P, Sørensen N, Nielsen HB, Toft-Kehler R, Guttman-Yassky E, Stingl G, Zeitlinger M, Sommer M. Topical niclosamide (ATx201) reduces Staphylococcus aureus colonization and increases Shannon diversity of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e790. [PMID: 35522900 PMCID: PMC9076020 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), Staphylococcus aureus frequently colonizes lesions and is hypothesized to be linked to disease severity and progression. Treatments that reduce S. aureus colonization without significantly affecting the skin commensal microbiota are needed. Methods and findings In this study, we tested ATx201 (niclosamide), a small molecule, on its efficacy to reduce S. aureus and propensity to evolve resistance in vitro. Various cutaneous formulations were then tested in a superficial skin infection model. Finally, a Phase 2 randomized, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled trial was performed to investigate the impact of ATx201 OINTMENT 2% on S. aureus colonization and skin microbiome composition in patients with mild‐to‐severe AD (EudraCT:2016‐003501‐33). ATx201 has a narrow minimal inhibitory concentration distribution (.125–.5 μg/ml) consistent with its mode of action – targeting the proton motive force effectively stopping cell growth. In murine models, ATx201 can effectively treat superficial skin infections of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus. In a Phase 2 trial in patients with mild‐to‐severe AD (N = 36), twice‐daily treatment with ATx201 OINTMENT 2% effectively reduces S. aureus colonization in quantitative colony forming unit (CFU) analysis (primary endpoint: 94.4% active vs. 38.9% vehicle success rate, p = .0016) and increases the Shannon diversity of the skin microbiome at day 7 significantly compared to vehicle. Conclusion These results suggest that ATx201 could become a new treatment modality as a decolonizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weiss
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Heimo Lagler
- Department of Medicine 1, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Ping Li
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jon U Hansen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teresa Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bimal Jana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Petra Priemel
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Sabine Eberl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Tamara Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Krogh Johansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Wooseong Kim
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christian Friis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Pace
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Morten Sommer
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Rombaut M, Boeckmans J, Rodrigues RM, van Grunsven LA, Vanhaecke T, De Kock J. Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced hepatocytes: Cracking the Enigma code. J Hepatol 2021; 75:690-705. [PMID: 33989701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for functional primary human hepatocytes to support the pharmaceutical and (bio)medical demand. The unique discovery, a decade ago, that somatic cells can be drawn out of their apparent biological lockdown to reacquire a pluripotent state has revealed a completely new avenue of possibilities for generating surrogate human hepatocytes. Since then, the number of papers reporting the direct conversion of somatic cells into induced hepatocytes (iHeps) has burgeoned. A hepatic cell fate can be established via the ectopic expression of native liver-enriched transcription factors in somatic cells, thereby bypassing the need for an intermediate (pluripotent) stem cell state. That said, understanding and eventually controlling the processes that give rise to functional iHeps remains challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art reprogramming cocktails and techniques, as well as their corresponding conversion efficiencies. Special attention is paid to the role of liver-enriched transcription factors as hepatogenic reprogramming tools and small molecules as facilitators of hepatic transdifferentiation. To conclude, we formulate recommendations to optimise, standardise and enrich the in vitro production of iHeps to reach clinical standards, and propose minimal criteria for their characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rombaut
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Greene
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, 676 N. Saint Clair St., Suite 1350, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St., Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Wellington K. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, 676 N. Saint Clair St., Suite 1350, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St., Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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Abstract
The training of physician-scientists lies at the heart of future medical research. In this commentary, we apply Narayanamurti and Odumosu’s framework of the “discovery-invention cycle” to analyze the structure and outcomes of the integrated MD/PhD program. We argue that the linear model of “bench-to-bedside” research, which is also reflected in the present training of MD/PhDs, merits continual re-evaluation to capitalize on the richness of opportunities arising in clinical medicine. In addition to measuring objective career outcomes, as existing research has done, we suggest that detailed characterization of researchers’ efforts using both qualitative and quantitative techniques is necessary to understand if dual-degree training is being utilized. As an example, we propose that the application of machine learning and data science to corpora of biomedical literature and anonymized clinical data might allow us to see if there are objective “signatures” of research uniquely enabled by MD/PhD training. We close by proposing several hypotheses for shaping physician-scientist training, the relative merits of which could be assessed using the techniques proposed above. Our overarching message is the importance of deeply understanding individual career trajectories as well as characterizing organizational details and cultural nuances to drive new policy which shapes the future of the physician-scientist workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal P Sarma
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Allan Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Abstract
Prostate cancer in black men of African descent has a different tumour biology compared to those of other races. Its clinical manifestations depict a more aggressive disease with higher morbidity and mortality. This study proposes, through a literature search, identifying applied laboratory and clinical research in prostate cancer directed to improve outcomes and decrease global disparities of prostate cancer in black men of African descent. This review identified five categories pertinent for research: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for early detection and screening, the potential of epigenetics, cultural determinants and health-seeking behaviours, other biomarkers for prostate cancers, and the economics of treating advanced prostate cancer. The analysis revealed that in developed countries, men of African descent are underrepresented in the sampling pools in both laboratory and clinical research, and thus the applicability and relevance of these results to men of African descent are circumspect. However, developing countries with high populations of black males have limited laboratory and clinical research publications. This is due to limited funding to support research programmes and basic clinical services for early detection and treatment. The study concludes that for the involvement of developing countries in bench research, they should do it in collaboration, like fostering partnerships with credible academic-based institutions and organisations. This requires a realm of transparency, respect, protection of the rights and dignity of the patients, and an equity in participation and sharing of the benefits to be accrued. The current transatlantic and Caribbean collaborations in research, education, and health service delivery in prostate cancer care for men of African descent exemplify the successes of such partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Roberts
- The University of the West Indies School of Clinical Medicine and Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Shirley Street, P. O. Box GT-2590, Nassau, Bahamas
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