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Yang B, Li Y, Shi W, Liu Y, Kan Y, Chen J, Hu J, Pang W. Use of Fluorescent 2-AB to Explore the Bidirectional Transport Mechanism of Pseudostellaria heterophylla Polysaccharides across Caco-2 Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:3192. [PMID: 35630667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are abundant in natural resources and perform numerous physiological functions. Polysaccharide structures often lack chromophore groups; thus, current analytical methods cannot distinguish polysaccharide metabolites in the body or polysaccharide prototypes in biological samples. Thus, the measurement of polysaccharides in blood, bodily fluid, and cell-culture medium is difficult. Our early-stage research resulted in the isolation of two homogeneous polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla, PHP0.5MSC-F and PHPH-1-2, which have anti-hyperglycemia and insulin resistance improvement effects for type 2 diabetes. In this study, the reducing terminal sugars of PHP0.5MSC-F and PHPH-1-2 were labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) to prepare novel fluorescent probes for HPLC-coupled fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Quantitative analysis was performed in reference to T40, and the detection limit for PHP0.5MSC-F was found to be 8.84 μg/mL with a linear range of 29.45-683.28 μg/mL. In reference to T70, the detection limit for PHPH-1-2 was found to be 13.89 μg/mL with a linear range of 46.29-462.76 μg/mL. This method was used to measure the bidirectional transport of polysaccharides across caco-2 cells from apical to basolateral (AP→BL) or from basolateral to apical (BL→AP) directions and to evaluate the polysaccharide bioavailability. The drug absorption capacity was determined based on the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp), and the Papp values for the two polysaccharides were found to be greater than 1 × 10-6 cm/s, which suggests easy absorption. Regarding bidirectional transport, the AP→BL Papp values were greater than the BL→AP values; thus, PHP0.5MSC-F and PHPH-1-2 mainly underwent passive transference. The two membrane permeable polysaccharides were not P-gp efflux transporter substrates. The absorption mechanism of PHP0.5MSC-F complies with passive diffusion under a concentration gradient, whereas PHPH-1-2 mainly utilizes a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway to enter caco-2 cells. This innovative HPLC-FLD method can help to track polysaccharide internalization in vitro and in vivo to facilitate cellular uptake and biodistribution exploration.
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Badal KK, Akhmedov K, Lamoureux P, Liu XA, Reich A, Fallahi-Sichani M, Swarnkar S, Miller KE, Puthanveettil SV. Synapse Formation Activates a Transcriptional Program for Persistent Enhancement in the Bi-directional Transport of Mitochondria. Cell Rep 2020; 26:507-517.e3. [PMID: 30650345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate the bi-directional transport of mitochondria in neurons for maintaining functional synaptic connections are poorly understood. Here, we show that in the pre-synaptic sensory neurons of the Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex, the formation of functional synapses leads to persistent enhancement in the flux of bi-directional mitochondrial transport. In the absence of a functional synapse, activation of cAMP signaling is sufficient to enhance bi-directional transport in sensory neurons. Furthermore, persistent enhancement in transport does not depend on NMDA and AMPA receptor signaling nor signaling from the post-synaptic neuronal cell body, but it is dependent on transcription and protein synthesis in the pre-synaptic neuron. We identified ∼4,000 differentially enriched transcripts in pre-synaptic neurons, suggesting a long-term change in the transcriptional program produced by synapse formation. These results provide insights into the regulation of bi-directional mitochondrial transport for synapse maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerriann K Badal
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Integrative Biology PhD Program, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Komol Akhmedov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Phillip Lamoureux
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xin-An Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Adrian Reich
- Bioinformatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani
- Bioinformatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Supriya Swarnkar
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kyle E Miller
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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