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Emelin EV, Cho HD, Korepanov VI, Varlamova LA, Erohin SV, Kim DY, Sorokin PB, Panin GN. Formation of Diamane Nanostructures in Bilayer Graphene on Langasite under Irradiation with a Focused Electron Beam. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12244408. [PMID: 36558260 PMCID: PMC9786889 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the presented paper, we studied bilayer CVD graphene transferred to a langasite substrate and irradiated with a focused electron beam through a layer of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Changes in the Raman spectra and an increase in the electrical resistance of bigraphene after irradiation indicate a local phase transition associated with graphene diamondization. The results are explained in the framework of the theory of a chemically induced phase transition of bilayer graphene to diamane, which can be associated with the release of hydrogen and oxygen atoms from PMMA and langasite due to the "knock-on" effect, respectively, upon irradiation of the structure with an electron beam. Theoretical calculations of the modified structure of bigraphene on langasite and the experimental evaluation of sp3-hybridized carbon fraction indicate the formation of diamane nanoclusters in the bigraphene irradiated regions. This result can be considered as the first realization of local tunable bilayer graphene diamondization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii V. Emelin
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High-Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hak Dong Cho
- Quantum-Functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Vitaly I. Korepanov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High-Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov A. Varlamova
- Laboratory of Digital Material Science, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Erohin
- Laboratory of Digital Material Science, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Deuk Young Kim
- Quantum-Functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavel B. Sorokin
- Laboratory of Digital Material Science, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady N. Panin
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High-Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Digital Material Science, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
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Sun Y, Kvashnin AG, Sorokin PB, Yakobson BI, Billups WE. Radiation-Induced Nucleation of Diamond from Amorphous Carbon: Effect of Hydrogen. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1924-8. [PMID: 26273874 DOI: 10.1021/jz5007912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electron irradiation of anthracite functionalized by dodecyl groups leads to recrystallization of the carbon network into diamonds. The diamonds range in size from ∼2 to ∼10 nm and exhibit {111} spacing of 2.1 Å. A bulk process consistent with bias-enhanced nucleation is proposed in which the dodecyl group provides hydrogen during electron irradiation. Recrystallization into diamond occurs in the hydrogenated graphitic subsurface layers. Unfunctionalized anthracite could not be converted into diamond during electron irradiation. The dependence of the phase transition pressure on cluster size was estimated, and it was found that diamond particles with a radius up to 20 nm could be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Sun
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- ‡The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alexander G Kvashnin
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- ∥Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Centralnaya Street, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia 142190
- ⊥Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny, Russia 141700
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- ∥Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Centralnaya Street, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia 142190
- ⊥Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny, Russia 141700
- #Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosigin Street, Moscow, Russia 119334
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - W E Billups
- †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- ‡The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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