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Quilez S, Dumontier E, Baim C, Kam J, Cloutier JF. Loss of Neogenin alters branchial arch development and leads to craniofacial skeletal defects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1256465. [PMID: 38404688 PMCID: PMC10884240 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1256465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of complex structures, such as the craniofacial skeleton, requires precise and intricate two-way signalling between populations of cells of different embryonic origins. For example, the lower jaw, or mandible, arises from cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) in the mandibular portion of the first branchial arch (mdBA1) of the embryo, and its development is regulated by signals from the ectoderm and cranial mesoderm (CM) within this structure. The molecular mechanisms underlying CM cell influence on CNCC development in the mdBA1 remain poorly defined. Herein we identified the receptor Neogenin as a key regulator of craniofacial development. We found that ablation of Neogenin expression via gene-targeting resulted in several craniofacial skeletal defects, including reduced size of the CNCC-derived mandible. Loss of Neogenin did not affect the formation of the mdBA1 CM core but resulted in altered Bmp4 and Fgf8 expression, increased apoptosis, and reduced osteoblast differentiation in the mdBA1 mesenchyme. Reduced BMP signalling in the mdBA1 of Neogenin mutant embryos was associated with alterations in the gene regulatory network, including decreased expression of transcription factors of the Hand, Msx, and Alx families, which play key roles in the patterning and outgrowth of the mdBA1. Tissue-specific Neogenin loss-of-function studies revealed that Neogenin expression in mesodermal cells contributes to mandible formation. Thus, our results identify Neogenin as a novel regulator of craniofacial skeletal formation and demonstrates it impinges on CNCC development via a non-cell autonomous mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Quilez
- The Neuro—Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- The Neuro—Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher Baim
- The Neuro—Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Kam
- The Neuro—Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- The Neuro—Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Keer S, Neilson KM, Cousin H, Majumdar HD, Alfandari D, Klein SL, Moody SA. Bop1 is required to establish precursor domains of craniofacial tissues. Genesis 2024; 62:e23580. [PMID: 37974491 PMCID: PMC11021169 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bop1 can promote cell proliferation and is a component of the Pes1-Bop1-WDR12 (PeBoW) complex that regulates ribosomal RNA processing and biogenesis. In embryos, however, bop1 mRNA is highly enriched in the neural plate, cranial neural crest and placodes, and potentially may interact with Six1, which also is expressed in these tissues. Recent work demonstrated that during development, Bop1 is required for establishing the size of the tadpole brain, retina and cranial cartilages, as well as controlling neural tissue gene expression levels. Herein, we extend this work by assessing the effects of Bop1 knockdown at neural plate and larval stages. Loss of Bop1 expanded neural plate gene expression domains (sox2, sox11, irx1) and reduced neural crest (foxd3, sox9), placode (six1, sox11, irx1, sox9) and epidermal (dlx5) expression domains. At larval stages, Bop1 knockdown reduced the expression of several otic vesicle genes (six1, pax2, irx1, sox9, dlx5, otx2, tbx1) and branchial arch genes that are required for chondrogenesis (sox9, tbx1, dlx5). The latter was not the result of impaired neural crest migration. Together these observations indicate that Bop1 is a multifunctional protein that in addition to its well-known role in ribosomal biogenesis functions during early development to establish the craniofacial precursor domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Keer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Karen M. Neilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Helene Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Himani D. Majumdar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Steven L. Klein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Sundaresan M, Venkatesha Reddy R, Sridharrao V, Fenn SM, Rajaram Mohan K. Concurrent Occurrence of Ear Tag With Posterior Talon Cusp, Fissured Tongue, and Ankyloglossia: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e42095. [PMID: 37602049 PMCID: PMC10436025 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ear tags or accessory auricles are branchial cleft remnants that clinically appear as asymptomatic nodules or papules in the preauricular region. They occur in various syndromes affecting the first and branchial arches during embryogenesis. The presence of an ear tag can have a psychological impact on one's life due to its unesthetic appearance, thereby affecting their quality of life. Talon cusp usually occurs in the maxillary central or lateral incisor. A fissured tongue or cerebriform tongue is characterized by the presence of horizontal or vertical grooves, usually affecting the dorsum of the tongue. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is a developmental anomaly in which the lingual frenum is abnormally attached to the ventral surface of the tongue. It can cause difficulties in breastfeeding in infants and in the pronunciation of certain vowels in adults. The concurrent occurrence of the ear tag along with the talon cusp in the mandibular second molar has not been reported in previous literature. We present a unique case of a 24-year-old non-syndromic individual with the concurrent occurrence of the ear tag along with a rare clinical occurrence of talon cusp in the mandibular second molar, fissured tongue, and ankyloglossia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirnalini Sundaresan
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, IND
| | - Ramachandra Venkatesha Reddy
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, IND
| | - Vasu Sridharrao
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, IND
| | - Saramma Mathew Fenn
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, IND
| | - Karthik Rajaram Mohan
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, IND
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Beyens A, Lietaer C, Claes K, De Baere E, Goeteyn M, Lerut B, Syryn H, Vanakker O, Van der Meulen J, Vanwalleghem L, Callewaert B. HRAS-related epidermal nevus syndromes: Expansion of the spectrum with first branchial arch defects. Clin Genet 2023; 103:709-713. [PMID: 36896710 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) comprises a heterogeneous group of neurocutaneous syndromes associated with the presence of epidermal nevi and variable extracutaneous manifestations. Postzygotic activating HRAS pathogenic variants were previously identified in nevus sebaceous (NS), keratinocytic epidermal nevus (KEN), and different ENS, including Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims and cutaneous-skeletal-hypophosphatasia syndrome (CSHS). Skeletal involvement in HRAS-related ENS ranges from localized bone dysplasia in association with KEN to fractures and limb deformities in CSHS. We describe the first association of HRAS-related ENS and auricular atresia, thereby expanding the disease spectrum with first branchial arch defects if affected by the mosaic variant. In addition, this report illustrates the first concurrent presence of verrucous EN, NS, and nevus comedonicus (NC), indicating the possibility of mosaic HRAS variation as an underlying cause of NC. Overall, this report extends the pleiotropy of conditions associated with mosaic pathogenic variants in HRAS affecting ectodermal and mesodermal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Beyens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lietaer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, AZ Sint Jan Brugge-Oostende, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Goeteyn
- Department of Dermatology, AZ Sint Jan Brugge-Oostende, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Bob Lerut
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, AZ Sint Jan Brugge-Oostende, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Hannes Syryn
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joni Van der Meulen
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Molecular Diagnostics Ghent University Hospital (MDG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Xu M, Chen L, Gong X, Huang S, Zhang B, Liang L, Sheng X. [The managements of cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2023; 37:122-126. [PMID: 36756827 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective:To investigate the embryologic origin and diagnosis and management of cutaneous cartilage remains of gill origin in the neck. Methods:A total of 15 patients with cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants treated in Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from January 2005 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. They had a common feature showing a tumor in the lower third of the front of sternocleidomastoid muscle. The tumor looked like accessory auricle, never appeared pain or other symptoms of infection, and had no skin orifice. All patients underwent ultrasound examination, which showed an anechoic area under subcutaneous tissue of the neck or face. MRI examination in 6 cases showed subcutaneous irregular nodules the location of the lesion. Surgical resection of cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants was performed in all cases. Results:Postoperative pathological examination showed elastic cartilage. No complications were noticed. Recurrence was not observed in the cases by following-up of 8 months to 52 months(median: 41 months). Conclusion:Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants are relatively rare, which may originate from the second branchial arch and may be associated with other congenital malformations. The curative treatment is a complete excision preschool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital(Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences),Southern Medical University,Guangzhou,510080,China
| | - Liangsi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital(Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences),Southern Medical University,Guangzhou,510080,China
| | - Xixiang Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,People's Hospital of Yuxi City
| | - Shuling Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Shenzhen Children's Hospital
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Lu Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Guangzhou First People's Hospital
| | - Xiaoli Sheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital(Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences),Southern Medical University,Guangzhou,510080,China
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Compagnucci C, Martinus K, Griffin J, Depew MJ. Programmed Cell Death Not as Sledgehammer but as Chisel: Apoptosis in Normal and Abnormal Craniofacial Patterning and Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:717404. [PMID: 34692678 PMCID: PMC8531503 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.717404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of craniofacial development involves an complex, intricate, genetically controlled and tightly regulated spatiotemporal series of reciprocal inductive and responsive interactions among the embryonic cephalic epithelia (both endodermal and ectodermal) and the cephalic mesenchyme — particularly the cranial neural crest (CNC). The coordinated regulation of these interactions is critical both ontogenetically and evolutionarily, and the clinical importance and mechanistic sensitivity to perturbation of this developmental system is reflected by the fact that one-third of all human congenital malformations affect the head and face. Here, we focus on one element of this elaborate process, apoptotic cell death, and its role in normal and abnormal craniofacial development. We highlight four themes in the temporospatial elaboration of craniofacial apoptosis during development, namely its occurrence at (1) positions of epithelial-epithelial apposition, (2) within intra-epithelial morphogenesis, (3) during epithelial compartmentalization, and (4) with CNC metameric organization. Using the genetic perturbation of Satb2, Pbx1/2, Fgf8, and Foxg1 as exemplars, we examine the role of apoptosis in the elaboration of jaw modules, the evolution and elaboration of the lambdoidal junction, the developmental integration at the mandibular arch hinge, and the control of upper jaw identity, patterning and development. Lastly, we posit that apoptosis uniquely acts during craniofacial development to control patterning cues emanating from core organizing centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCO, Berlin, Germany.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kira Martinus
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCO, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Griffin
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Depew
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCO, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Coppenrath K, Tavares ALP, Shaidani NI, Wlizla M, Moody SA, Horb M. Generation of a new six1-null line in Xenopus tropicalis for study of development and congenital disease. Genesis 2021; 59:e23453. [PMID: 34664392 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate Six (Sine oculis homeobox) family of homeodomain transcription factors plays critical roles in the development of several organs. Six1 plays a central role in cranial placode development, including the precursor tissues of the inner ear, as well as other cranial sensory organs and the kidney. In humans, mutations in SIX1 underlie some cases of Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, which is characterized by moderate-to-severe hearing loss. We utilized CRISPR/Cas9 technology to establish a six1 mutant line in Xenopus tropicalis that is available to the research community. We demonstrate that at larval stages, the six1-null animals show severe disruptions in gene expression of putative Six1 target genes in the otic vesicle, cranial ganglia, branchial arch, and neural tube. At tadpole stages, six1-null animals display dysmorphic Meckel's, ceratohyal, and otic capsule cartilage morphology. This mutant line will be of value for the study of the development of several organs as well as congenital syndromes that involve these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Coppenrath
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nikko-Ideen Shaidani
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.,Embryology Department, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Marko Horb
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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Sonoda K, Tsunoda A, Yoshikawa A, Tou M, Anzai T, Matsumoto F. Congenital Aural Fistula Developing Between the Third and Fourth Hillocks of the Embryonal Helix and Presenting a Large Temporal Mass: A Case Report. Ear Nose Throat J 2021; 102:NP265-NP268. [PMID: 33829886 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211009150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report aimed to introduce a very rare presentation of congenital aural fistula and its treatment. A 13-year-old girl presented with a mass on the right temporal region with protrusion of the helix. She noticed a mass a month previously, and the mass gradually swelled with pain. Pus discharged from the pit behind the helix. Mastoiditis was suspected; however, the tympanic membrane was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic mass in the temporal region. The surgical removal of the mass was performed using a postauricular incision. The mass was cystic and had a stem connected to the pit. Insertion of a probe into the pit showed a connection to the mass. The mass was totally removed with the skin around the pit. Histologically, the cyst connected to the fistula and its lumen was covered with squamous cells. A diagnosis of a congenital aural fistula developed posterior to the helix was made. Considering its location, the fistula had been formed between the third and fourth hillocks of the embryonal helix. Aural fistula developed posteriorly is very rare, and it mimicked a temporal tumor or mastoiditis with a protruding auricle. Careful observation of the skin and consideration from developmental aspects are needed for an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sonoda
- Department of Otolaryngology, 220929Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsunobu Tsunoda
- Department of Otolaryngology, 220929Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Yoshikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, 220929Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miri Tou
- Department of Otolaryngology, 220929Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Anzai
- Department of Otolaryngology, 220929Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
A case of an accessory tragus located on the nasal vestibule is reported. This represents the third case of this entity located outside of a derivative of a branchial arch. All three of these cases were located in the nose/glabella region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moradi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | - Torsten Ehrig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Ishan M, Chen G, Sun C, Chen SY, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y, Liu HX. Increased activity of mesenchymal ALK2-BMP signaling causes posteriorly truncated microglossia and disorganization of lingual tissues. Genesis 2019; 58:e23337. [PMID: 31571391 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of taste organs including the tongue and taste papillae requires interactions with the underlying mesenchyme through multiple molecular signaling pathways. The effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and antagonists are profound, however, the tissue-specific roles of distinct receptors are largely unknown. Here, we report that constitutive activation (ca) of ALK2-BMP signaling in the tongue mesenchyme (marked by Wnt1-Cre) caused microglossia-a dramatically smaller and misshapen tongue with a progressively severe reduction in size along the anteroposterior axis and absence of a pharyngeal region. At E10.5, the tongue primordia (branchial arches 1-4) formed in Wnt1-Cre/caAlk2 mutants while each branchial arch responded to elevated BMP signaling distinctly in gene expression of BMP targets (Id1, Snai1, Snai2, and Runx2), proliferation (Cyclin-D1) and apoptosis (p53). Moreover, elevated ALK2-BMP signaling in the mesenchyme resulted in apparent defects of lingual epithelium, muscles, and nerves. In Wnt1-Cre/caAlk2 mutants, a circumvallate papilla was missing and further development of formed fungiform papillae was arrested in late embryos. Our data collectively demonstrate that ALK2-BMP signaling in the mesenchyme plays essential roles in orchestrating various tissues for proper development of the tongue and its appendages in a region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ishan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Guiqian Chen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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11
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Misty Paig-Tran EW, Summers AP. Comparison of the structure and composition of the branchial filters in suspension feeding elasmobranchs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:701-15. [PMID: 24443216 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The four, evolutionarily independent, lineages of suspension feeding elasmobranchs have two types of branchial filters. The first is a robust, flattened filter pad akin to a colander (e.g., whale sharks, mantas and devil rays) while the second more closely resembles the comb-like gill raker structure found in bony fishes (e.g., basking and megamouth sharks). The structure and the presence of mucus on the filter elements will determine the mechanical function of the filter and subsequent particle transport. Using histology and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the anatomy of the branchial filters in 12 of the 14 species of Chondrichthyian filter-feeding fishes. We hypothesized that mucus producing cells would be abundant along the filter epithelium and perform as a sticky mechanism to retain and transport particles; however, we found that only three species had mucus producing goblet cells. Two of these (Mobula kuhlii and Mobula tarapacana) also had branchial cilia, indicating sticky retention and transport. The remaining filter-feeding elasmobranchs did not have a sticky surface along the filter for particles to collect and instead must employ alternative mechanisms of filtration (e.g., direct sieving, inertial impaction or cross-flow). With the exception of basking sharks, the branchial filter is composed of a hyaline cartilage skeleton surrounded by a layer of highly organized connective tissue that may function as a support. Megamouth sharks and most of the mobulid rays have denticles along the surface of the filter, presumably to protect against damage from large particle impactions. Basking sharks have branchial filters that lack a cartilaginous core; instead they are composed entirely of smooth keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Misty Paig-Tran
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington
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Abstract
The morphological events forming the body's musculature are sensitive to genetic and environmental perturbations with high incidence of congenital myopathies, muscular dystrophies and degenerations. Pattern formation generates branching series of states in the genetic regulatory network. Different states of the network specify pre-myogenic progenitor cells in the head and trunk. These progenitors reveal their myogenic nature by the subsequent onset of expression of the master switch gene MyoD and/or Myf5. Once initiated, the myogenic progression that ultimately forms mature muscle appears to be quite similar in head and trunk skeletal muscle. Several genes that are essential in specifying pre-myogenic progenitors in the trunk are known. Pax3, Lbx1, and a number of other homeobox transcription factors are essential in specifying pre-myogenic progenitors in the dermomyotome, from which the epaxial and hypaxial myoblasts, which express myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), emerge. The proteins involved in specifying pre-myogenic progenitors in the head are just beginning to be discovered and appear to be distinct from those in the trunk. The homeobox gene Pitx2, the T-box gene Tbx1, and the bHLH genes Tcf21 and Msc encode transcription factors that play roles in specifying progenitor cells that will give rise to branchiomeric muscles of the head. Pitx2 is expressed well before the onset of myogenic progression in the first branchial arch (BA) mesodermal core and is essential for the formation of first BA derived muscle groups. Anterior-posterior patterning events that occur during gastrulation appear to initiate the Pitx2 expression domain in the cephalic and BA mesoderm. Pitx2 therefore contributes to the establishment of network states, or kernels, that specify pre-myogenic progenitors for extraocular and mastication muscles. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate head muscle specification and formation provides the foundation for understanding congenital myopathies. Current technology and mouse model systems help to elucidate the molecular basis on etiology and repair of muscular degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Ping Shih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Michael K. Gross
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Corresponding Author, , T (541) 737-2179, F (541) 737-3999
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13
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Abstract
The cranial motor neurons innervate muscles that control eye, jaw, and facial movements of the vertebrate head and parasympathetic neurons that innervate certain glands and organs. These efferent neurons develop at characteristic locations in the brainstem, and their axons exit the neural tube in well-defined trajectories to innervate target tissues. This review is focused on a subset of cranial motor neurons called the branchiomotor neurons, which innervate muscles derived from the branchial (pharyngeal) arches. First, the organization of the branchiomotor pathways in zebrafish, chick, and mouse embryos will be compared, and the underlying axon guidance mechanisms will be addressed. Next, the molecular mechanisms that generate branchiomotor neurons and specify their identities will be discussed. Finally, the caudally directed or tangential migration of facial branchiomotor neurons will be examined. Given the advances in the characterization and analysis of vertebrate genomes, we can expect rapid progress in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these vital neuronal networks. Developmental Dynamics 229:143-161, 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Craniofacial development is an extraordinarily complex process requiring the orchestrated integration of multiple specialized tissues such as the surface ectoderm, neural crest, mesoderm, and pharyngeal endoderm in order to generate the central and peripheral nervous systems, axial skeleton, musculature, and connective tissues of the head and face. How do the characteristic facial structures develop in the appropriate locations with their correct shapes and sizes, given the widely divergent patterns of cell movements that occur during head development? The patterning information could depend upon localized interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues or alternatively, the developmental program for the characteristic facial structures could be intrinsic to each individual tissue precursor. Understanding the mechanisms that control vertebrate head development is an important issue since craniofacial anomalies constitute nearly one third of all human congenital defects. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of neural crest cell patterning and the dynamic nature of the tissue interactions that are required for normal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Development of the pharyngeal region depends on the interaction and integration of different cell populations, including surface ectoderm, foregut endoderm, paraxial mesoderm, and neural crest. Mice homozygous for a hypomorphic allele of Fgfr1 have craniofacial defects, some of which appeared to result from a failure in the early development of the second branchial arch. A stream of neural crest cells was found to originate from the rhombomere 4 region and migrate toward the second branchial arch in the mutants. Neural crest cells mostly failed to enter the second arch, however, but accumulated in a region proximal to it. Both rescue of the hypomorphic Fgfr1 allele and inactivation of a conditional Fgfr1 allele specifically in neural crest cells indicated that Fgfr1 regulates the entry of neural crest cells into the second branchial arch non-cell-autonomously. Gene expression in the pharyngeal ectoderm overlying the developing second branchial arch was affected in the hypomorphic Fgfr1 mutants at a stage prior to neural crest entry. Our results indicate that Fgfr1 patterns the pharyngeal region to create a permissive environment for neural crest cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Trokovic
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, 00014-University of Helsinki, Finland
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