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Hou T, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang G, Li S, Fan W, Li R, Sun Q, Liu C. Early Pulmonary Fibrosis-like Changes in the Setting of Heat Exposure: DNA Damage and Cell Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2992. [PMID: 38474239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that extreme heat events happen frequently due to climate change. However, studies examining the direct health impacts of increased temperature and heat waves are lacking. Previous reports revealed that heatstroke induced acute lung injury and pulmonary dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate whether heat exposure induced lung fibrosis and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to an ambient temperature of 39.5 ± 0.5 °C until their core temperature reached the maximum or heat exhaustion state. Lung fibrosis was observed in the lungs of heat-exposed mice, with extensive collagen deposition and the elevated expression of fibrosis molecules, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Fibronectin (Fn1) (p < 0.05). Moreover, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurred in response to heat exposure, evidenced by E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, which was downregulated, whereas markers of EMT, such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and the zinc finger transcriptional repressor protein Slug, were upregulated in the heat-exposed lung tissues of mice (p < 0.05). Subsequently, cell senescence examination revealed that the levels of both senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and the cell cycle protein kinase inhibitor p21 were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway evoked by DNA damage was activated in response to heat exposure (p < 0.05). In summary, we reported a new finding that heat exposure contributed to the development of early pulmonary fibrosis-like changes through the DNA damage-activated cGAS-STING pathway followed by cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Hou
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yindan Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Sanduo Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wenjun Fan
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Wu Y, Lin Y, Shen F, Huang R, Zhang Z, Zhou M, Fang Y, Shen J, Fan X. FBXO38 deficiency promotes lysosome-dependent STING degradation and inhibits cGAS-STING pathway activation. Neoplasia 2024; 49:100973. [PMID: 38277817 PMCID: PMC10832482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
F-box only protein 38 (FBXO38) is a member of the F-box family that mediates the ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of programmed death 1 (PD-1), and thus has important effects on T cell-related immunity. While its powerful role in adaptive immunity has attracted much attention, its regulatory roles in innate immune pathways remain unknown. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is an important innate immune pathway that regulates type I interferons. STING protein is the core component of this pathway. In this study, we identified that FBXO38 deficiency enhanced tumor proliferation and reduced tumor CD8+ T cells infiltration. Loss of FBXO38 resulted in reduced STING protein levels in vitro and in vivo, further leading to preventing cGAS-STING pathway activation, and decreased downstream product IFNA1 and CCL5. The mechanism of reduced STING protein was associated with lysosome-mediated degradation rather than proteasomal function. Our results demonstrate a critical role for FBXO38 in the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feiyang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, National Facility for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Zhou J, Zhuang Z, Li J, Feng Z. Significance of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13316. [PMID: 37686127 PMCID: PMC10487967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a significant role in health and disease. In this pathway, cGAS, one of the major cytosolic DNA sensors in mammalian cells, regulates innate immunity and the STING-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including type-I interferon. Moreover, the cGAS-STING pathway is integral to other cellular processes, such as cell death, cell senescence, and autophagy. Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by "self" DNA is also attributed to various infectious diseases and autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. In addition, the cGAS-STING pathway activation functions as a link between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to the inhibition or facilitation of tumorigenesis; therefore, research targeting this pathway can provide novel clues for clinical applications to treat infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases and even cancer. In this review, we focus on the cGAS-STING pathway and its corresponding cellular and molecular mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of College of First Clinical Medicine, College of First Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang Campus, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jiamian Li
- Key Laboratory of College of First Clinical Medicine, College of First Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang Campus, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Viculin J, Degoricija M, Vilović K, Gabela I, Franković L, Vrdoljak E, Korac-Prlic J. Elevated Tumor Cell-Intrinsic STING Expression in Advanced Laryngeal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3510. [PMID: 37444620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal cancer is the second most common malignancy of the head and neck, worldwide. Immunotherapy targeting checkpoint inhibitors has been approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic laryngeal cancer but has a relatively low response rate and outcomes that leave many patients underserved. Targeting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway can potentially improve the activation of immune effector cells, although its role in the development and progression of laryngeal cancer has not yet been investigated in depth. Fifty-nine tumor samples from patients with pathologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, stage I-IV non-metastatic disease, who were treated at the University Hospital of Split, were immunohistochemically stained for the expression of STING, cGAS, CD8, CD68, and CD163. Elevated tumor cell-intrinsic STING expression was positively associated with stage IV (p = 0.0031), pT3, and pT4 laryngeal cancers (p = 0.0336) as well as with higher histological grades (G2 and G3) (p = 0.0204) and lymph node-positive tumors (p = 0.0371). After adjusting for age, sex, location, and cGAS expression, elevated STING expression was significantly associated with stage IV cancer in a multiple logistic regression model (β = 1.849, SE = ±0.8643, p = 0.0324). Elevated STING expression represents a potentially favorable predictive biomarker for new therapeutic approaches involving STING agonists combined with immunotherapy and DNA-damaging agents (radiotherapy, cisplatin, and PARP inhibitors) in laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Viculin
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Degoricija
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vilović
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gabela
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Franković
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Eduard Vrdoljak
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jelena Korac-Prlic
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Zhang X, Liu J, Wang H. The cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway: Novel perspectives in neurotoxicity induced by manganese exposure. Environ Pollut 2022; 315:120412. [PMID: 36240967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic high-level heavy metal exposure increases the risk of developing different neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic excessive manganese (Mn) exposure is known to lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, some evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past decade, the DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signal-efficient interferon gene stimulator (STING), as well as the molecular composition and regulatory mechanisms of this pathway have been well understood. The cGAS-STING pathway has emerged as a crucial mechanism to induce effective innate immune responses by inducing type I interferons in mammalian cells. Moreover, recent studies have found that Mn2+ is the second activator of the cGAS-STING pathway besides dsDNA, and inducing autophagy is a primitive function for the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. However, overactivation of the immune response can lead to tissue damage. This review discusses the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by Mn exposure from the cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway. Future work exploiting the cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway may provide a novel perspective for manganese neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Liu J, Chen H, Lin X, Yi J, Ye W, Wei F, Zhu X, Huang J, Su J. Age-related Activation of Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes Signaling in the Auditory System is Associated with Presbycusis in C57BL/6J Male Mice. Neuroscience 2022; 481:73-84. [PMID: 34848262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss (ARHL), is primarily associated with sensory or transduction nerve cell degeneration in the peripheral and/or central auditory systems. During aging, the auditory system shows mitochondrial dysfunction and increased inflammatory responses. Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol, which activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway to induce type I interferon and inflammatory responses. However, whether this pathway is involved in the occurrence and development of ARHL is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether there are age-related changes in the levels of cytosolic mtDNA and cGAS-STING pathway activation in the auditory pathway and to explore their relationship with ARHL. The results showed that cGAS-positive immunoreactive cells were observed in the cochlea, inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex. Levels of cytosolic mtDNA, cGAS, STING, phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3, and cytokines were significantly increased in the cochlea, inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex of 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old mice compared with 3-month-old mice. These findings suggested that cytosolic mtDNA may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARHL by activating cGAS-STING-mediated type I interferon and inflammatory responses.
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Abstract
In the classic Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, downstream signals can control the production of type I interferon and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells to promote the activation of pro-inflammatory molecules, which are mainly induced during antiviral responses. However, with progress in this area of research, studies focused on autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions that may be relevant to cGAS–STING pathways have been conducted. This review mainly highlights the functions of the cGAS–STING pathway in chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, the cGAS–STING pathway has a major impact on lipid metabolism. Different research groups have confirmed that the cGAS–STING pathway plays an important role in the chronic inflammatory status in various organs. However, this pathway has not been studied in depth in diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Current research on the cGAS–STING pathway has shown that the targeted therapy of diseases that may be caused by inflammation via the cGAS–STING pathway has promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terigen Bao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiyan Leng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Morimoto D, Matsumura S, Bustos-Villalobos I, Sibal PA, Ichinose T, Naoe Y, Eissa IR, Abdelmoneim M, Mukoyama N, Miyajima N, Tanaka M, Kodera Y, Kasuya H. C-REV Retains High Infectivity Regardless of the Expression Levels of cGAS and STING in Cultured Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061502. [PMID: 34203706 PMCID: PMC8232185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is widely considered as a major breakthrough in anti-cancer treatments. In our previous study, the efficacy and safety of using C-REV for anti-cancer therapy in patients during stage I clinical trial was reported. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-TBK1-IRF3-IFN pathway is known to act as the central cellular host defense against viral infection. Recent reports have linked low expression levels of cGAS and STING in cancer cells to poor prognosis among patients. Moreover, downregulation of cGAS and STING has been linked to higher susceptibility to OV infection among several cancer cell lines. In this paper, we show that there is little correlation between levels of cGAS/STING expression and susceptibility to C-REV among human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Despite having a responsive STING pathway, BxPC-3 cells are highly susceptible to C-REV infection. Upon pre-activation of the STING pathway, BxPc-3 cells exhibited resistance to C-REV infection. However, without pre-activation, C-REV completely suppressed the STING pathway in BxPC-3 cells. Additionally, despite harboring defects in the STING pathway, other high-grade cancer cell lines, such as Capan-2, PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2, still exhibited low susceptibility to C-REV infection. Furthermore, overexpression of STING in MiaPaCa-2 cells altered susceptibility to a limited extent. Taken together, our data suggest that the cGAS-STING pathway plays a minor role in the susceptibility of pancreatic cancer cell lines to C-REV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Morimoto
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shigeru Matsumura
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Itzel Bustos-Villalobos
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Patricia Angela Sibal
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Ichinose
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshinori Naoe
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelmoneim
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nobuaki Mukoyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Miyajima
- Department of Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0058, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hideki Kasuya
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence:
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