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Holt C, Carver JA. Invited review: Modeling milk stability. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00625-8. [PMID: 38522835 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Novel insights into the stability of milk and milk products during storage and processing result from describing caseins near neutral pH as hydrophilic, intrinsically disordered, proteins. Casein solubility is strongly influenced by pH and multivalent ion binding. Solubility is high at neutral pH or above but decreases as casein net charge approaches zero, allowing a condensed casein phase or gel to form then increases at lower pH. Of particular importance for casein micelle stability near neutral pH is the proportion of free caseins in the micelle (i.e., caseins not bound directly to nanoclusters of calcium phosphate). Free caseins are more soluble and better able to act as molecular chaperones (to prevent casein and whey protein aggregation) than bound caseins. Some free caseins are highly phosphorylated and can also act as mineral chaperones to inhibit the growth of calcium phosphate phases and prevent mineralized deposits from forming on membranes or heat exchangers. Thus, casein micelle stability is reduced when free caseins bind to amyloid fibrils, destabilized whey proteins or calcium phosphate. The multivalent-binding model of the casein micelle quantitatively describes these and other factors affecting the stability of milk and milk protein products during manufacture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Holt
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK..
| | - J A Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia..
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Li Y, Jiang W, Nie N, Xu J, Wang X, Zhang J, Guan J, Zhu C, Zhang C, Gu Y, Chen X, Yao S, Yin Z, Wu B, Ouyang H, Zou X. Size- and Dose-Dependent Body-Wide Organ Transcriptomic Responses to Calcium Phosphate Nanomaterials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 38018117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are widely used in clinical practice. There are potential risks of body-wide infiltration due to their small size; however, the body-wide reliable risk assessment of nanoparticle infiltration is not fully studied and established. In this study, we demonstrated the size- and dose-dependent body-wide organ transcriptomic responses to calcium phosphate nanomaterials in vivo. In a mice model, a calcium phosphate nanocluster (amorphous calcium phosphate, ACP, ∼1 nm in diameter) and its crystallization product (ACP-M, ∼10 nm in diameter) in a series of doses was administrated systematically; multiorgan transcriptomics were then performed with tissues of heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain to investigate the systematic effect of dose and size of nanomaterials on the whole body. The results presented gene expression trajectories correlated with the dose of the nanomaterials and tissue-specific risk effects in all detected tissues. For the dose-dependent tissue-specific risk effects, lung tissue exhibited the most significant risk signatures related to apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell stress. The spleen showed the second most significant risk signatures associated with immune response and DNA damage. For the size-dependent tissue-specific risk effects, ACP nanomaterials could increase most of the tissue-specific risk effects of nanomaterials in multiple organs than larger calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Finally, we used the size- and dose-dependent body-wide organ transcriptomic responses/risks to nanomaterials as the standards and built up a risk prediction model to evaluate the risk of the local nanomaterials delivery. Thus, our findings could provide a size- and dose- dependent risk assessment scale of nanoparticles in the transcriptomic level. It could be useful for risk assessment of nanomaterials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Nanfang Nie
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Junwen Zhang
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Jiahuan Guan
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Ying Gu
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
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