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Grant M, Ni Lee L, Chinnakannan S, Tong O, Kwok J, Cianci N, Tillman L, Saha A, Pereira Almeida V, Leung C. Unlocking cancer vaccine potential: What are the key factors? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2331486. [PMID: 38564321 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2331486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health challenge, with changing demographics and lifestyle factors producing an increasing burden worldwide. Screening advancements are enabling earlier diagnoses, but current cancer immunotherapies only induce remission in a small proportion of patients and come at a high cost. Cancer vaccines may offer a solution to these challenges, but they have been mired by poor results in past decades. Greater understanding of tumor biology, coupled with the success of vaccine technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic, has reinvigorated cancer vaccine development. With the first signs of efficacy being reported, cancer vaccines may be beginning to fulfill their potential. Solid tumors, however, present different hurdles than infectious diseases. Combining insights from previous cancer vaccine clinical development and contemporary knowledge of tumor immunology, we ask: who are the 'right' patients, what are the 'right' targets, and which are the 'right' modalities to maximize the chances of cancer vaccine success?
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Schultz IJ, Zimmerman Y, Moelans CB, Chrusciel M, Krijgh J, van Diest PJ, Huhtaniemi IT, Coelingh Bennink HJT. A tumor cell specific Zona Pellucida glycoprotein 3 RNA transcript encodes an intracellular cancer antigen. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1233039. [PMID: 38125942 PMCID: PMC10731367 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1233039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expression of Zona Pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP3) in healthy tissue is restricted to the extracellular Zona Pellucida layer surrounding oocytes of ovarian follicles and to specific cells of the spermatogenic lineage. Ectopic expression of ZP3 has been observed in various types of cancer, rendering it a possible therapeutic target. Methods To support its validity as therapeutic target, we extended the cancer related data by investigating ZP3 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tumor biopsies. We performed a ZP3 transcript specific analysis of publicly available RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of cancer cell lines (CCLs) and tumor and normal tissues, and validated expression data by independent computational analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A correlation between the ZP3 expression level and pathological and clinical parameters was also investigated. Results IHC data for several cancer types showed abundant ZP3 protein staining, which was confined to the cytoplasm, contradicting the extracellular protein localization in oocytes. We noticed that an alternative ZP3 RNA transcript, which we term 'ZP3-Cancer', was annotated in gene databases that lacks the genetic information encoding the N-terminal signal peptide that governs entry into the secretory pathway. This explains the intracellular localization of ZP3 in tumor cells. Analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data of 1339 cancer cell lines (CCLs), 10386 tumor tissues (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and 7481 healthy tissues (Genotype-Tissue Expression) indicated that ZP3-Cancer is the dominant ZP3 RNA transcript in tumor cells and is highly enriched in many cancer types, particularly in rectal, ovarian, colorectal, prostate, lung and breast cancer. Expression of ZP3-Cancer in tumor cells was confirmed by qPCR. Higher levels of the ZP3-Cancer transcript were associated with more aggressive tumors and worse survival of patients with various types of cancer. Conclusion The cancer-restricted expression of ZP3-Cancer renders it an attractive tumor antigen for the development of a therapeutic cancer vaccine, particularly using mRNA expression technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cathy B. Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Krijgh
- Pantarhei Oncology BV, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Paul J. van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilpo T. Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Elkhalifa AEO, Al-Shammari E, Kuddus M, Adnan M, Sachidanandan M, Awadelkareem AM, Qattan MY, Khan MI, Abduljabbar SI, Sarwar Baig M, Ashraf SA. Structure-Based Multi-Targeted Molecular Docking and Dynamic Simulation of Soybean-Derived Isoflavone Genistin as a Potential Breast Cancer Signaling Proteins Inhibitor. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1739. [PMID: 37629596 PMCID: PMC10455564 DOI: 10.3390/life13081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer (BC), the second-biggest cause of cancer death, occurs due to unregulated cell proliferation leading to metastasis to other parts of the human organ. Recently, the exploration of naturally derived anticancer agents has become popular due to their fewer adverse effects. Among the natural products, soybean is a very well-known legume that contains important bioactive compounds such as diadazine, glycetin, genistein, and genistin. Therefore, keeping its therapeutic potential in mind, multi-targeted molecular docking and simulation studies were conducted to explore the potential role of soybean-derived isoflavone genistin against several breast cancer-signaling proteins (ER-alpha, ER-Beta, collapsin response mediator protein 2, CA 15-3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). A comparative study of the genistin-protein docked complex was explored to investigate its potential role in BC. The molecular binding energy (∆G) of the docked complex was calculated along with ADMET properties. The molecular docking score of genistin with ubiquitin-like protein activation complex-a type of Cancer Antigen (CA) 15.3 (PDB ID-2NVU, 5T6P, and 1YX8) showed the highest binding energy, ranging from -9.5 to -7.0 Kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the highest docking scores of the complex were additionally put through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis. MD simulations of the selected complex were performed at 100 ns to study the stability of the genistin-ubiquitin-like protein CA 15.3 complex, which appeared to be quite stable. Additionally, the ADMET study demonstrated that genistin complies with all drug-likeness standards, including Lipinski, Egan, Veber, Ghose, and Muegge. Therefore, based on the results, genistin can be considered as one of the potential drugs for the management and treatment of BC. In addition, the obtained results suggest that genistin could pave the way for new drug discovery to manage breast cancer and has potential in the development of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Elmoneim O. Elkhalifa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.O.E.); (E.A.-S.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Eyad Al-Shammari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.O.E.); (E.A.-S.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Kuddus
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manojkumar Sachidanandan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostics, College of Dentistry, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amir Mahgoub Awadelkareem
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.O.E.); (E.A.-S.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Malak Yahia Qattan
- Health Sciences Departments, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Idreesh Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sanaa Ismael Abduljabbar
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mirza Sarwar Baig
- Center for Virology, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Syed Amir Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.O.E.); (E.A.-S.); (A.M.A.)
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Lim Kam Sian TCC, Goncalves G, Steele JR, Shamekhi T, Bramberger L, Jin D, Shahbazy M, Purcell AW, Ramarathinam S, Stoychev S, Faridi P. SAPrIm, a semi-automated protocol for mid-throughput immunopeptidomics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107576. [PMID: 37334365 PMCID: PMC10272402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules play a crucial role in directing adaptive immune responses based on the nature of their peptide ligands, collectively coined the immunopeptidome. As such, the study of HLA molecules has been of major interest in the development of cancer immunotherapies such as vaccines and T-cell therapies. Hence, a comprehensive understanding and profiling of the immunopeptidome is required to foster the growth of these personalised solutions. We herein describe SAPrIm, an Immunopeptidomics tool for the Mid-Throughput era. This is a semi-automated workflow involving the KingFisher platform to isolate immunopeptidomes using anti-HLA antibodies coupled to a hyper-porous magnetic protein A microbead, a variable window data independent acquisition (DIA) method and the ability to run up to 12 samples in parallel. Using this workflow, we were able to concordantly identify and quantify ~400 - 13000 unique peptides from 5e5 - 5e7 cells, respectively. Overall, we propose that the application of this workflow will be crucial for the future of immunopeptidome profiling, especially for mid-size cohorts and comparative immunopeptidomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C. C. Lim Kam Sian
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriel Goncalves
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel R. Steele
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tima Shamekhi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Liesl Bramberger
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dongbin Jin
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Shahbazy
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sri Ramarathinam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Pouya Faridi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Schäfer P, Muhs S, Turnbull L, Garwal P, Maar H, Yorgan TA, Tolosa E, Lange T, Windhorst S. Ex Vivo Model of Neuroblastoma Plasticity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041274. [PMID: 36831616 PMCID: PMC9954615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor plasticity is essential for adaptation to changing environmental conditions, in particular during the process of metastasis. In this study, we compared morphological and biochemical differences between LAN-1 neuroblastoma (NB) cells recovered from a subcutaneous xenograft primary tumor (PT) and the corresponding three generations of bone metastasis (BM I-III). Moreover, growth behavior, as well as the response to chemotherapy and immune cells were assessed. For this purpose, F-actin was stained, mRNA and protein expression assessed, and lactate secretion analyzed. Further, we measured adhesion to collagen I, the growth rate of spheroids in the presence and absence of vincristine, and the production of IL-6 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-incubated with PT or BM I-III. Analysis of PT and the three BM generations revealed that their growth rate decreased from PT to BM III, and accordingly, PT cells reacted most sensitively to vincristine. In addition, morphology, adaption to hypoxic conditions, as well as transcriptomes showed strong differences between the cell lines. Moreover, BM I and BM II cells exhibited a significantly different ability to stimulate human immune cells compared to PT and BM III cells. Interestingly, the differences in immune cell stimulation corresponded to the expression level of the cancer-testis antigen MAGE-A3. In conclusion, our ex vivo model allows to analyze the adaption of tumor populations to different microenvironments and clearly demonstrates the strong alteration of tumor cell populations during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Schäfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Muhs
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Palwasha Garwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Maar
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timur A. Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, Teichgraben 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-7410-56013
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Tashima T. Delivery of Drugs into Cancer Cells Using Antibody-Drug Conjugates Based on Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11040078. [PMID: 36546903 PMCID: PMC9774242 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innumerable people worldwide die of cancer every year, although pharmaceutical therapy has actualized many benefits in human health. For background, anti-cancer drug development is difficult due to the multifactorial pathogenesis and complicated pathology of cancers. Cancer cells excrete hydrophobic low-molecular anti-cancer drugs by overexpressed efflux transporters such as multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) at the apical membrane. Mutation-driven drug resistance is also developed in cancer. Moreover, the poor distribution of drug to cancer cells is a serious problem, because patients suffer from off-target side effects. Thus, highly selective and effective drug delivery into solid cancer cells across the membrane should be established. It is known that substances (10-100 nm in diameter) such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (approximately 14.2 nm in diameter) or nanoparticles spontaneously gather in solid tumor stroma or parenchyma through the capillary endothelial fenestration, ranging from 200-2000 nm, in neovasculatures due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Furthermore, cancer antigens, such as HER2, Nectin-4, or TROP2, highly selectively expressed on the surface of cancer cells act as a receptor for receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) using mAbs against such antigens. Thus, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anti-cancer pharmaceutical agents that fulfill accurate distribution due to the EPR effect and due to antibody-antigen binding and membrane permeability owing to RME. In this review, I introduce the implementation and possibility of highly selective anti-cancer drug delivery into solid cancer cells based on the EPR effect and RME using anti-cancer antigens ADCs with payloads through suitable linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tashima
- Tashima Laboratories of Arts and Sciences, 1239-5 Toriyama-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-0035, Japan
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Oo SL, Venkatesh S, Karthikeyan V, Arava CM, Pathikonda S, Yu PKN, Lau TCK, Chen X, Roy VAL. Highly Sensitive and Cost-Effective Portable Sensor for Early Gastric Carcinoma Diagnosis. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2639. [PMID: 33918707 DOI: 10.3390/s21082639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Facile and efficient early detection of cancer is a major challenge in healthcare. Herein we developed a novel sensor made from a polycarbonate (PC) membrane with nanopores, followed by sequence-specific Oligo RNA modification for early gastric carcinoma diagnosis. In this design, the gastric cancer antigen CA72-4 is specifically conjugated to the Oligo RNA, thereby inhibiting the electrical current through the PC membrane in a concentration-dependent manner. The device can determine the concentration of cancer antigen CA72-4 in the range from 4 to 14 U/mL, possessing a sensitivity of 7.029 µAU-1mLcm-2 with a linear regression (R2) of 0.965 and a lower detection limit of 4 U/mL. This device has integrated advantages including high specificity and sensitivity and being simple, portable, and cost effective, which collectively enables a giant leap for cancer screening technologies towards clinical use. This is the first report to use RNA aptamers to detect CA72-4 for gastric carcinoma diagnosis.
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Abd Hamid M, Peng Y, Dong T. Human cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell-what can we learn from patient. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:684-692. [PMID: 32451453 PMCID: PMC7331575 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will highlight the importance of cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) and the factors affecting antitumor CTL responses. In light of cancer immunotherapy, we will emphasis the need to further understand the features, characteristics, and actions of modulatory receptors of human cancer germline-specific CTLs, in order to determine the optimal conditions for antitumor CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat Abd Hamid
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Kametani Y, Ohno Y, Ohshima S, Tsuda B, Yasuda A, Seki T, Ito R, Tokuda Y. Humanized Mice as an Effective Evaluation System for Peptide Vaccines and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6337. [PMID: 31888191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccination was developed for the prevention and therapy of acute and chronic infectious diseases and cancer. However, vaccine development is challenging, because the patient immune system requires the appropriate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognition with the peptide. Moreover, antigens sometimes induce a low response, even if the peptide is presented by antigen-presenting cells and T cells recognize it. This is because the patient immunity is dampened or restricted by environmental factors. Even if the immune system responds appropriately, newly-developed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are used to increase the immune response against cancer, make the immune environment more complex. The ICIs may activate T cells, although the ratio of responsive patients is not high. However, the vaccine may induce some immune adverse effects in the presence of ICIs. Therefore, a system is needed to predict such risks. Humanized mouse systems possessing human immune cells have been developed to examine human immunity in vivo. One of the systems which uses transplanted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may become a new diagnosis strategy. Various humanized mouse systems are being developed and will become good tools for the prediction of antibody response and immune adverse effects.
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Kanaseki T, Tokita S, Torigoe T. Proteogenomic discovery of cancer antigens: Neoantigens and beyond. Pathol Int 2019; 69:511-518. [PMID: 31397525 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host T cells infiltrate the cancer lesion and contribute to patient survival. T cells recognize antigen peptides displayed by the cancer cell human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Cancer antigens constitute an essential element of T-cell discrimination and play an indispensable role in anti-cancer responses. HLA ligandome analysis directly and comprehensively detects the peptides that are naturally presented by HLA of given cells, leading to discovery of cancer antigens. A proteogenomic approach, which combines conventional proteomics with genomic information, has further deciphered the landscape of the cancer HLA ligandome. Neoantigens that arise from somatic mutations are arguably the major type of peptides patient T cells recognize. Moreover, cancer cells present peptides derived from alleged noncoding regions, which also elicit T-cell responses thereby serving as cancer antigens. The diversity of newly discovered antigen sources implies that T cells are capable of sensing a variety of genomic aberrations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serina Tokita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.,Sapporo Dohto Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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Shimizu Y, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa T, Endo I, Nakatsura T. Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Glypican-3. Front Oncol 2019; 9:248. [PMID: 31024850 PMCID: PMC6469401 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3), a 65 kD protein consisting of 580 amino acids, is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan bound to the cell membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. This protein is expressed in the liver and the kidney of healthy fetuses but is hardly expressed in adults, except in the placenta. Contrarily, GPC3 is specifically expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ovarian clear cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, hepatoblastoma, nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor), yolk sac tumor, and some pediatric cancers. Although the precise function of GPC3 remains unclear, it has been strongly suggested that it is related to the malignant transformation of HCC. We identified GPC3 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and have been working on the development of cancer immunotherapeutic agents targeting it through clinical trials. In some trials, it was revealed that the GPC3 peptide vaccines we developed using human leukocyte antigen-A24- and A2-restricted GPC3-derived peptides could induce GPC3-specific cytotoxic T cells in most vaccinated patients and thereby improve their prognosis. To further improve the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy targeting GPC3, we are also developing next-generation therapeutic strategies using T cells engineered to express antigen-specific T-cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor. In addition, we have successfully monitored the levels of serum full-length GPC3 protein, which is somehow secreted in the blood. The utility of GPC3 as a biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence and treatment efficacy is now being considered. In this review article, we summarize the results of clinical trials carried out by our team and describe the novel agent targeting the cancer-specific shared antigen, GPC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
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Zhang W, Wang L, Xin Z. Combination of serum CA19-9 and CA125 levels and contrast-enhanced ultrasound parametric data facilitates to differentiate ovarian serous carcinoma from ovarian malignant epithelial cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0358. [PMID: 29668586 PMCID: PMC5916679 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) is semimalignant ovarian tumors that localized in the ovary at the initial presentation, and can be surgically resected in an excellent prognosis. In contrast, surgical treatment plus adjuvant chemotherapy for ovarian malignant epithelial cancer (OMEC) is the standard treatment stratagem that is painful with poor prognosis and cost quite expensively. Thus, the accurate preoperative differentiation of OSC from OMEC is important for determining the treatment methods and decreasing the cost for individual patients. This study aims to determine whether contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) together with CA19-9/CA125 can improve the ability to differentiate ovarian serous carcinoma from ovarian malignant epithelial cancer. The positive rate of cancer antigen (CA) 199 and CA125 in ovarian malignant epithelial tumors was 68% and 94%, respectively, which was a higher incidence than in the serous carcinoma. The mean serum CA19-9 and CA125 concentration was significantly higher in the patients with ovarian malignant epithelial tumors (CA19-9, 514.0 ± 104.8 U/mL; CA125, 440.0 ± 154.8 U/mL) than that in the patients with ovarian serous carcinoma (CA19-9, 58.0 ± 14.3 U/mL; CA125, 63.0 ± 25.8 U/mL). The time to peak in ovarian serous carcinoma was significantly longer than in ovarian malignant epithelial tumors. However, the peak intensity, area under the curve, and washout time in ovarian serous carcinoma were significantly lower than in ovarian malignant epithelial tumors. The addition of CA19-9/CA125 increased the sensitivities from 79% CEUS only to 85% for CEUS plus CA19-9/CA125 data, and increased the specificities from 65% CEUS only to 91% for CEUS plus the CA19-9/CA125 information. Thus, the addition of the serum CA19-9/CA125 levels to parametric CEUS data was of significant diagnostic value for differentiating OSC from OMEC.
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Abdel-Fatah TMA, Rees RC, Pockley AG, Moseley P, Ball GR, Chan SYT, Ellis IO, Miles AK. The localization of pre mRNA splicing factor PRPF38B is a novel prognostic biomarker that may predict survival benefit of trastuzumab in patients with breast cancer overexpressing HER2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112245-112257. [PMID: 29348822 PMCID: PMC5762507 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer biomarkers that can define disease status and provide a prognostic insight are essential for the effective management of patients with breast cancer (BC). The prevalence, clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PRPF38B expression in a consecutive series of 1650 patients with primary invasive breast carcinoma were examined using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the relationship(s) between clinical outcome and PRPF38B expression was explored in 627 patients with ER-negative (oestrogen receptor) disease, and 322 patients with HER2-overexpressing disease. Membranous expression of PRPF38B was observed in 148/1388 (10.7%) cases and was significantly associated with aggressive clinicopathological features, including high grade, high mitotic index, pleomorphism, invasive ductal carcinoma of no specific type (IDC-NST), ER-negative, HER2-overexpression and p53 mutational status (all p < 0.01). In patients with ER-negative disease receiving chemotherapy, nuclear expression of PRPF38B was significantly associated with a reduced risk of relapse (p = 0.0004), whereas membranous PRPF38B expression was significantly associated with increased risk of relapse (p = 0.004; respectively) at a 5 year follow-up. When patients were stratified according to ER-negative/HER2-positive status, membranous PRPF38B expression was associated with a higher risk of relapse in those patients that did not receive trastuzumab therapy (p = 0.02), whereas in those patients with ER-negative/HER2-positive disease that received trastuzumab adjuvant therapy, membranous PRPF38B expression associated with a lower risk of relapse (p = 0.00018). Nuclear expression of PRPF38B is a good prognostic indicator in both ER-negative patients and ER-negative/HER2-positive BC (breast cancer) patients, whereas membranous localisation of PRPF38B is a poor prognostic biomarker that predicts survival benefit from trastuzumab therapy in patients with ER-negative/HER2-overexpressing BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M A Abdel-Fatah
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Robert C Rees
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - A Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Paul Moseley
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Graham R Ball
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Stephen Y T Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Amanda K Miles
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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Abstract
A derivative of the tumor-associated globo H antigen, a complex hexasaccharide, was synthesized by a convergent and efficient [3+2+1] strategy using various glycosylation methods. All glycosylation reactions afforded good to excellent yields and outstanding stereoselectivity, including the installation of cis α-linked D-galactose and L-fucose. The longest linear sequence for this synthesis was 11 steps from a galactose derivative 11 to give an overall yield of 2.6%. The synthetic target had a free and reactive amino group at the glycan reducing end, facilitating its conjugation with other molecules for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satadru S. Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Guochao Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Dharmasiri U, Isenberg SL, Glish GL, Armistead PM. Differential ion mobility spectrometry coupled to tandem mass spectrometry enables targeted leukemia antigen detection. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4356-62. [PMID: 25184817 PMCID: PMC4184456 DOI: 10.1021/pr500527c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DIMS) can be used as a filter to remove undesired background ions from reaching the mass spectrometer. The ability to use DIMS as a filter for known analytes makes DIMS coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (DIMS-MS/MS) a promising technique for the detection of cancer antigens that can be predicted by computational algorithms. In experiments using DIMS-MS/MS that were performed without the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a predicted model antigen, GLR (FLSSANEHL), was detected at a concentration of 10 pM (20 amol) in a mixture containing 94 competing model peptide antigens, each at a concentration of 1 μM. Without DIMS filtering, the GLR peptide was undetectable in the mixture even at 100 nM. Again, without using HPLC, DIMS-MS/MS was used to detect 2 of 3 previously characterized antigens produced by the leukemia cell line U937.A2. Because of its sensitivity, a targeted DIMS-MS/MS methodology can likely be used to probe for predicted cancer antigens from cancer cell lines as well as human tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udara Dharmasiri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 450 West Drive, 21-244, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Abstract
GIPC1, GIPC2 and GIPC3 consist of GIPC homology 1 (GH1) domain, PDZ domain and GH2 domain. The regions around the GH1 and GH2 domains of GIPC1 are involved in dimerization and interaction with myosin VI (MYO6), respectively. The PDZ domain of GIPC1 is involved in interactions with transmembrane proteins [IGF1R, NTRK1, ADRB1, DRD2, TGFβR3 (transforming growth factorβ receptor type III), SDC4, SEMA4C, LRP1, NRP1, GLUT1, integrin α5 and VANGL2], cytosolic signaling regulators (APPL1 and RGS19) and viral proteins (HBc and HPV-18 E6). GIPC1 is an adaptor protein with dimerizing ability that loads PDZ ligands as cargoes for MYO6-dependent endosomal trafficking. GIPC1 is required for cell-surface expression of IGF1R and TGFβR3. GIPC1 is also required for integrin recycling during cell migration, angiogenesis and cytokinesis. On early endosomes, GIPC1 assembles receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and APPL1 for activation of PI3K-AKT signaling, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and RGS19 for attenuation of inhibitory Gα signaling. GIPC1 upregulation in breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers promotes tumor proliferation and invasion, whereas GIPC1 downregulation in cervical cancer with human papillomavirus type 18 infection leads to resistance to cytostatic transforming growth factorβ signaling. GIPC2 is downregulated in acute lymphocytic leukemia owing to epigenetic silencing, while Gipc2 is upregulated in estrogen-induced mammary tumors. Somatic mutations of GIPC2 occur in malignant melanoma, and colorectal and ovarian cancers. Germ-line mutations of the GIPC3 or MYO6 gene cause nonsyndromic hearing loss. As GIPC proteins are involved in trafficking, signaling and recycling of RTKs, GPCRs, integrins and other transmembrane proteins, dysregulation of GIPCs results in human pathologies, such as cancer and hereditary deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Division of Integrative Omics and Bioinformatics, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan.
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Valencakova-Agyagosova A, Frischova Z, Sevcikova Z, Hajurka J, Lepej J, Szakallova I, Kredatusova G, Nagy V, Ledecky V. Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen (CA 15-3) in bitches with tumours on mammary gland: preliminary report. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:205-14. [PMID: 22947252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen (CA 15-3) in the blood serum of 45 bitches. A modified procedure was used to determine the CEA and CA 15-3 markers with the human kits using the radioimmunoassay method. Samples collected from extirpated tumour of mammary glands were histologically processed and classified as per WHO guidelines. The average age of animals with tumour was 10.00 ± 2.2 years; for healthy bitches average age was 4.2 ± 3.2 years. Values of CEA and CA 15-3 were considered positive, if they exceeded 0.23 ng mL(-1) and 7 IU mL(-1) , respectively. Average levels of CEA in the tumour group were 0.25 ± 0.06 versus 0.20 ± 0.03 in healthy bitches (P = 0.0001). The average CA 15-3 value in bitches with tumour was 8.58 ± 1.27 versus 5.14 ± 1.34 in healthy animals (P < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valencakova-Agyagosova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, Kosice, Slovakia
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Mesa-Tejada R, Keydar I, Ramanarayanan M, Ohno T, Fenoglio C, Spiegelman S. Detection in human breast carcinomas of an antigen immunologically related to a group-specific antigen of mouse mammary tumor virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:1529-33. [PMID: 206905 PMCID: PMC411506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.3.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An antigen immunologically related to a group-specific antigen (gp52, a 52,000-dalton glycoprotein) of the mouse mammary tumor virus has been identified in paraffin sections of human breast cancers by means of the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The specificity of the reaction with antibody against mouse mammary tumor virus was examined by absorption of the IgG with the following: (a) purified gp52; (b) a number of virus preparations (mouse mammary tumor virus, Rauscher leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, baboon endogenous virus, and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus); (c) normal plasma, leukocytes, breast tissue, milk, actin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid, all of human origin; (d) sheep erythrocytes and mucin. Only mouse mammary tumor virus (from C(3)H or Paris RIII strains and grown in either murine or feline cells) and purified gp52 eliminated the immunohistochemical reaction in the human breast tumors. Positive reactions were seen in 51 of 131 (39%) breast carcinomas of various histologic types, a minimal estimate in view of the limited number of sections from each tumor that could be examined. Negative reactions were obtained in all 119 benign breast lesions (cystic disease, fibroadenoma, papilloma, gynecomastia) and in all 18 normal breast tissues. With one exception, 99 carcinomas from 13 organs other than breast and 8 cystosarcomas were all negative.
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