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Ahmad Sobri S, Heinemann R, Whitehead D. Development of Laser Drilling Strategy for Thick Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites (CFRP). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112674. [PMID: 33198377 PMCID: PMC7696389 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites from carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) play a significant role in modern manufacturing. They are typically used in aerospace and other industries that require high strength-to-weight ratios. Composite machining, however, remains a challenging job and sometimes is hampered by poor efficiency. Despite considerable research being conducted over the past few years on the machining of composite materials, the material nevertheless suffers from delamination, fibre loss, and imperfect finishing of the fuselage. Laser technology is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative approach to cutting and drilling composites. Experiments have been conducted with a CFRP thickness of 25.4 mm using fibre laser to test the effect of the machining parameters on the primary performance measurements. In this study, different machining criteria are used to assess the fibre laser ability of thick CFRP composites for drilling operation. The experimental findings revealed that a fibre laser is capable of penetrating a thick CFRP to a depth of 22 mm by using a novel drilling procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharizal Ahmad Sobri
- Advanced Material Research Cluster, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street Building, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (R.H.); (D.W.)
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Center of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Global Entrepreneurship Research and Innovation Centre (GERIC), Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +6019-3125625
| | - Robert Heinemann
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street Building, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (R.H.); (D.W.)
| | - David Whitehead
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street Building, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (R.H.); (D.W.)
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Petrakli F, Gkika A, Bonou A, Karayannis P, Koumoulos EP, Semitekolos D, Trompeta AF, Rocha N, Santos RM, Simmonds G, Monaghan G, Valota G, Gong G, Charitidis CA. End-of-Life Recycling Options of (Nano)Enhanced CFRP Composite Prototypes Waste-A Life Cycle Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2129. [PMID: 32961922 PMCID: PMC7570043 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Life cycle assessment is a methodology to assess environmental impacts associated with a product or system/process by accounting resource requirements and emissions over its life cycle. The life cycle consists of four stages: material production, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. This study highlights the need to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the new product development process, as a means to assess and evaluate the environmental impacts of (nano)enhanced carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prototypes over their entire life cycle. These prototypes, namely SleekFast sailing boat and handbrake lever, were manufactured by functionalized carbon fibre fabric and modified epoxy resin with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The environmental impacts of both have been assessed via LCA with a functional unit of '1 product piece'. Climate change has been selected as the key impact indicator for hotspot identification (kg CO2 eq). Significant focus has been given to the end-of-life phase by assessing different recycling scenarios. In addition, the respective life cycle inventories (LCIs) are provided, enabling the identification of resource hot spots and quantifying the environmental benefits of end-of-life options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Petrakli
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Anastasia Gkika
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Alexandra Bonou
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Karayannis
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Elias P. Koumoulos
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Dionisis Semitekolos
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Nuno Rocha
- INEGI—Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management & LAETA—Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (N.R.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Raquel M. Santos
- INEGI—Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management & LAETA—Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (N.R.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Guy Simmonds
- AP&M—Anthony, Patrick and Murta Exportacao, Estrada Nacional 120-Falfeira—Lagos, 8600-308 Lagos, Portugal;
| | - Glen Monaghan
- GSG—Global Safe Guard Ltd., 2 Longhorsley, Morpeth NE65 8RX, UK;
| | - Giorgio Valota
- Brembo S.p.A, CURNO (Bergamo)—Via Brembo, 25, 24035 Curno, Italy;
| | - Guan Gong
- RISE SICOMP AB, Fibervägen 2, 943 33 Öjebyn, Sweden;
| | - Costas A. Charitidis
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
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