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Lyu Y, Wang P, Liu D, Zhang F, Senftle TP, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Wang J, Liu W. Tracing the Active Phase and Dynamics for Carbon Nanofiber Growth on Nickel Catalyst Using Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. Small Methods 2022; 6:e2200235. [PMID: 35484478 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benefitting from outstanding ability of CC reforming and hydrogen activation, nickel is widely applied for heterogeneous catalysis or producing high-quality carbon structures. This high activity simultaneously induces uncontrollable carbon formation, known as coking. However, the activity origin for growing carbon species remains in debate between the on metallic facets induction and nickel carbide segregation. Herein, carbon growth on Ni catalyst is tracked via in situ microscopy methods. Evidence derived from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, diffraction, and energy loss spectroscopy unambiguously identifies Ni3 C as the active phase, as opposed to metallic Ni nickel or surface carbides as traditionally believed. Specifically, Ni3 C particle grows carbon nanofibers (CNF) layer-by-layer through synchronized oscillation of tip stretch and atomic step fluctuations. There is an anisotropic stress distribution in Ni3 C that provides the lifting force during nanofiber growth. Density functional theory computations show that it is thermodynamically favorable for Ni3 C to decompose into Ni and surface-adsorbed carbon. Carbonaceous deposits aggregate asymmetrically round the particle because partial surface is exposed to the hydrocarbon environment whereas the bottom side is shielded by the support. This induces a carbon concentration gradient within the particle, which drives C migration through Ni3 C phase before it exits as CNF growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Lyu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
- Division of Energy Research Resources, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
- Division of Energy Research Resources, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Energy Research Resources, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Thomas P Senftle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Re-search, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Energy Research Resources, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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