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Parrey AH, Koka M, Ismail M. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: The Two Cases Report Representing the Range of this Illness. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:CRR-EPUB-137724. [PMID: 38314593 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971263972231124111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is defined as a systemic rheumatic disease characterized by the presence of high titer anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein (U1 RNP) antibodies in combination with clinical features commonly seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and polymyositis (PM). CASE PRESENTATION The annual incidence of MCTD is 1.9 per 100,000 adults. Any organ system can be involved in MCTD however four clinical features that suggest the presence of MCTD rather than another systemic rheumatic disease are Raynaud phenomenon with swollen hands or puffy fingers, absence of severe kidney disease and central nervous system (CNS) disease at first presentation generally, insidious onset of pulmonary hypertension and presence of autoantibodies anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein (U1 RNP), especially antibodies to the 68 kD protein. MCTD, although initially thought to be a disease with a benign course is not considered a valid argument at present. This connective tissue disorder can present with life-threating organ involvement with rapid progression of disease. CONCLUSION We report two cases of MCTD, one with mild disease and another with life-threatening illness, describing the range of severity at presentation of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manzoor Koka
- Internal Medicine Government Medical Collage Srinagar, India
| | - Mohd Ismail
- Internal Medicine Government Medical Collage Srinagar, India
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Congcong X, Yuanyuan Y, Caixia L, Yazhen S. The Effects and Mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Stems and Leaves Flavonoids on Myelin Sheath Degeneration Induced by Composite Aβ in Rats. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2024; 23:504-511. [PMID: 37218194 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230510103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, and its characteristic pathological changes are closely associated with Aβ deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. Many studies have found that malignant changes in the myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte (OL) are accompanied by the occurrence and development of AD. Therefore, any method that can resist myelin sheath and OL disorders may be a potential strategy for AD. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi stem and leaf flavonoids (SSFs) on the myelin sheath degeneration induced by Aβ25-35 combined with AlC13 and RHTGF-β1 (composite Aβ) in rats. METHODS A rat AD model was established by intracerebroventricular injection of composite Aβ. The Morris water maze was used to screen the memory impairment rat model. The successful model rats were divided into the model group and the 35, 70, and 140 mg/kg SSFS groups. The myelin sheath changes in the cerebral cortex were observed with an electron microscope. The expression of the oligodendrocyte- specific protein claudin 11 was detected with immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP), sphingomyelin synthase-1 (SMS1), and sphingomyelinase-2 (SMPD2) were assayed by Western blotting. RESULTS The intracerebroventricular injection of composite Aβ caused degeneration of the myelin sheath structure and was accompanied by the decreased claudin 11, MOG, MAG, MBP, and SMS1, and increased SMPD2 protein expression in the cerebral cortex. However, 35, 70, and 140 mg/kg SSFs can differentially ameliorate the above abnormal changes induced by composite Aβ. CONCLUSION SSFs can alleviate myelin sheath degeneration and increase the protein expression of claudin 11, MOG, MAG, and MBP, and the effective mechanism may be related to the positive regulation of SMS1 and SMPD2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Congcong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, PR China
| | - Ye Yuanyuan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, PR China
| | - Li Caixia
- The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050011, PR China
| | - Shang Yazhen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, PR China
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Chahardehi AM, Hosseini Y, Mahdavi SM, Naseh I. The Zebrafish Model as a New Discovery Path for Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2024; 23:306-314. [PMID: 36999188 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent degenerative central nervous system disorders affecting older adults. Dopaminergic neuron failure in the substantia nigra is a pathological sign connected with the motor shortfall of PD. Due to their low teratogenic and adverse effect potential, medicinal herbs have emerged as a promising therapy option for preventing and curing PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism through which natural compounds provide neuroprotection against PD remains unknown. While testing compounds in vertebrates such as mice is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, zebrafish (Danio rerio) may offer an appealing alternative because they are vertebrates and share many of the same characteristics as humans. Zebrafish are commonly used as animal models for studying many human diseases, and their molecular history and bioimaging properties are appropriate for the study of PD. However, a literature review indicated that only six plants, including Alpinia oxyhylla, Bacopa monnieri, Canavalia gladiate, Centella asiatica, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Stachytarpheta indica had been investigated as potential PD treatments using the zebrafish model. Only C. asiatica and B. monnieri were found to have potential anti-PD activity. In addition to reviewing the current state of research in this field, these plants' putative mechanisms of action against PD are explored, and accessible assays for investigation are made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Hosseini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mahdavi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT), Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Naseh
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Badawi M, Menon R, Place AE, Palenski T, Sunkersett G, Arrendale R, Deng R, Federico SM, Cooper TM, Salem AH. Venetoclax Penetrates the Blood Brain Barrier: A Pharmacokinetic Analysis in Pediatric Leukemia Patients. J Cancer 2023; 14:1151-1156. [PMID: 37215448 PMCID: PMC10197937 DOI: 10.7150/jca.81795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of malignant cells into the central nervous system in hematological malignancies correlates with poor clinical outcomes. Investigations into the penetration of venetoclax into the central nervous system have been limited. We report venetoclax pharmacokinetics in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples from a Phase 1 study in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory malignancies that demonstrate venetoclax ability to cross into the central nervous system. Venetoclax was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, with concentrations ranging from < 0.1 to 26 ng/mL (mean, 3.6 ng/mL) and a plasma:CSF ratio ranging from 44 to 1559 (mean, 385). Plasma:CSF ratios were comparable among patients with AML and ALL and no clear trend was observed in the ratios over the course of treatment. Moreover, improvement in central nervous system (CNS) involvement status was observed in patients who had measurable concentrations of venetoclax in the CSF. CNS resolution was observed for up to six months while on treatment. These findings highlight the potential role of venetoclax and provide the opportunity to further investigate its utility in improving clinical outcomes for patients with CNS complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew E. Place
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rong Deng
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara M. Federico
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Todd M. Cooper
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ahmed Hamed Salem
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
- Clinical Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zamani P, Penson PE, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Recent Advancements in Liposome-Based Strategies for Effective Drug Delivery to the Brain. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:4152-4171. [PMID: 33342401 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666201218121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) and tumors of the brain are challenging to treat, and they rank amongst the most common causes of death worldwide. The delivery of drugs to the brain is problematic because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively arrests the transport of large molecules (including drugs) from the blood to the CNS. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has received much interest as a technique to overcome this difficulty. In particular, liposome NPs are promising candidates to carry and deliver drugs across the BBB and into the CNS. Liposomes are easy to prepare, highly biodegradable, and biocompatible. Liposomes can be easily modified with various ligands to enable efficient and targeted drug delivery. Liposomes can promote increased cellular uptake of drugs and can reduce the extent to which efflux transporters can remove drugs. Liposomes can be loaded with a wide range of drugs and biologically active substances. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in research relating to liposome-based strategies to enable drug delivery across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Zamani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sun HJ, Wu ZY, Nie XW, Bian JS. Role of Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfides in Neurological Diseases: Focus on Protein S-Persulfidation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:868-884. [PMID: 32888271 PMCID: PMC8686300 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200905143550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen polysulfides are recognized as important signaling molecules that are generated physiologically in the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have shown that these two molecules are involved in cytoprotection against oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In the brain system, H2S and polysulfides exert multiple functions in both health and diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), memory decline, and glioma. Mechanistically, S-Persulfidation (also known as S-sulfuration or S-sulfhydration) of target proteins is believed to be a fundamental mechanism that underlies H2S-regulated signaling pathways. Cysteine S-Persulfidation is an important paradigm of post translational protein modification in the process of H2S signaling. This model is established as a critical redox mechanism to regulate numerous biological functions, especially in H2S-mediated neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Although the current research of S-Persulfidation is still in its infancy, accumulative evidence suggests that protein S-Persulfidation may share similar characteristics with protein S-nitrosylation. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive insight into the S-Persulfidation biology of H2S and polysulfides in neurological ailments and presume potential avenues for therapeutic development in these disorders based on S-Persulfidation of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Nie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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Smits A, Thewissen L, Dereymaeker A, Dempsey E, Caicedo A, Naulaers G. The Use of Hemodynamic and Cerebral Monitoring to Study Pharmacodynamics in Neonates. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 23:5955-5963. [PMID: 28925890 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170918124419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs acting on the cardiovascular and central nervous system often display relatively fast clinical responses, which may differ in neonates compared to children and adults. Introduction of bedside monitoring tools might be of additional value in the pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment of such drugs in neonates. METHODS We aim to provide an overview of the frequently used monitoring tools to assess drug effects on the hemodynamic status as well as the cerebral circulation, oxygenation and cerebral metabolism in neonates. RESULTS The use of blood pressure measurements, heart rate variability, functional echocardiography, nearinfrared spectroscopy and (amplitude-integrated) electroencephalography in neonates is discussed, as well as new parameters introduced by these tools. Based on the 'brain circulation model', the hemodynamic effects on the brain and their interplay are summarized. In this model, 3 processes (i.e. blood processes, vascular smooth muscle processes and tissue processes) and 3 mechanisms (i.e. autoregulation, blood flow metabolism coupling and cerebral oxygen balance) are distinguished, which all may be influenced by drug administration. Finally, propofol, sevoflurane, midazolam and inotropes are used as examples of which PD has been studied using the available hemodynamic and/or cerebral monitoring tools. CONCLUSION The implementation of (non-)invasive monitoring tools to document hemodynamic and cerebral PD effects in neonates is of relevance both in a neonatal research and intensive clinical care setting. We highlight the need to integrate these tools in future PD research. Furthermore, besides short-term drug effects, long-term outcome of drug therapy in neonates also warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smits
- Neonatal intensive care unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Thewissen
- Neonatal intensive care unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Dereymaeker
- Neonatal intensive care unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Center for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Caicedo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, STADIUS-ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Naulaers
- Neonatal intensive care unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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