1
|
Luo Z, Yue Q, Li X, Zhu Y, Liu X, Fielding LA. Polymer-Assisted 3D Printing of Inductor Cores. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:10764-10773. [PMID: 38349253 PMCID: PMC10910495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization was investigated as an additive for high-loading iron oxide nanoparticle (IOP) 3D printable inks. The effect of adjusting the molar mass and loading of PGMA on the rheology of IOP suspensions was investigated, and an optimized ink formulation containing 70% w/w IOPs and 0.25% w/w PGMA98 at pH 10 was developed. This ink was successfully 3D printed onto various substrates and into several structures, including rectangles, high aspect ratio cylinders, letters, spiral- and comb-shaped structures, and thin- and thick-walled toroids. The effect of sintering on the mechanical properties of printed artifacts was investigated via four-point flexural and compressive testing, with higher sintering temperatures resulting in improved mechanical properties due to changes in the particle size and microstructure. The printed toroids were fabricated into inductors, and their electrical performance was assessed via impedance spectroscopy at a working frequency range of 0.001-13 MHz. There was a clear trade-off between electrical properties and sintering temperature due to a phase change between γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3 upon heating. Nevertheless, the optimized devices had a Q factor of ∼40 at 10 MHz, representing a superior performance compared to that of other inductors with iron oxide cores previously reported. Thus, this report represents a significant step toward the development of low-cost, fully aqueous, high loading, and 3D printable ceramic inks for high-performance inductors and functional devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Luo
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Qi Yue
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Xuzhao Liu
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Lee A. Fielding
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng XT, Goh WP, Yu Y, Sutarlie L, Chen DY, Tan SCL, Jiang C, Zhao M, Ba T, Li H, Su X, Yang L. Skin-Attachable Ink-Dispenser-Printed Paper Fluidic Sensor Patch for Colorimetric Sweat Analysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302173. [PMID: 37897264 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In situ analysis of sweat biomarkers potentially provides noninvasive lifestyle monitoring and early diagnosis. Quantitative detection of sweat rate is crucial for thermoregulation and preventing heat injuries. Here, a skin-attachable paper fluidic patch is reported for in situ colorimetric sensing of multiple sweat markers (pH, glucose, lactate, and uric acid) with concurrent sweat rate tracking. Two sets of fluidic patterns-multiplexed detection zones and a longitudinal sweat rate channel-are directly printed by an automated ink dispenser from a specially developed ceramic-based ink. The ceramic ink thermal-cures into an impervious barrier, confining sweat within the channels. The ceramic-ink-printed boundary achieves higher pattern resolution, prevents fluid leakage, attains pattern thermal stability, and resistant to organic solvents. The cellulose matrix of the detection zones is modified with nanoparticles to improve the color homogeneity and sweat sensor sensitivity. The sweat rate channel is made moisture sensitive by incorporating a metal-salt-based dye. The change in saturation/color of the detection zones and/or channels upon sweat addition can be visually detected or quantified by a smartphone camera. A cost-effective way is provided to fabricate paper fluidic sensor patches, successfully demonstrating on-body multiplexed evaluation of sweat analytes. Such skin wearables offer on-site analysis, meaningful to an increasingly health-conscious population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Laura Sutarlie
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Der Ying Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sherwin Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Changyun Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Meng Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Te Ba
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis #16-16, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongying Li
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis #16-16, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li H, Yang L, Li F, Xian Q. Development and Characterizations of Novel Aqueous-Based Ceramic Inks for Inkjet Printing. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:21. [PMID: 36614362 PMCID: PMC9821278 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stable rheological properties of ceramic ink are a key requirement for inkjet printing (IJP), which should be satisfied in terms of the Reynolds and Weber numbers. In this paper, the reverse microemulsion was introduced for the synthesis of monodispersed nanosized ceramic powders, and the average size was less than 100 nm. A comparison of two different dispersants, i.e., polyacrylic ammonium (PAANH4) and polyacrylic aid (PAA), revealed that the former exerted a good dispersion effect on the ceramic ink. The sedimentation ratio, zeta potential, surface tension, viscosity, and density of the inks were measured, and the Reynolds and Weber numbers, as well as Z value, were calculated. A stable, homogeneous, and high solid loading (20 wt%) ceramic ink could be achieved after aging for a period of 72 h. Finally, the ceramic inks showed the desired printable property in the inkjet printing process. Combining inkjet printing technology with a sintering process, Ni-Mn-O films have the potential to monitor temperature and humidity parameters for intelligent wearable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Li
- State Market Regulation Technology Innovation Center (Asia Energy Metrologia), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Measurement and Testing, 188 East Hebei Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Linyu Yang
- School of Physics and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Market Regulation Technology Innovation Center (Asia Energy Metrologia), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Measurement and Testing, 188 East Hebei Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Qinglong Xian
- State Market Regulation Technology Innovation Center (Asia Energy Metrologia), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Measurement and Testing, 188 East Hebei Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Graf D, Jung J, Hanemann T. Formulation of a Ceramic Ink for 3D Inkjet Printing. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12091136. [PMID: 34577779 PMCID: PMC8467568 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to its multi-material capabilities, 3D inkjet printing allows for the fabrication of components with functional elements which may significantly reduce the production steps. The potential to print electronics requires jettable polymer-ceramic composites for thermal management. In this study, a respective material was formulated by functionalizing submicron alumina particles by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (MPS) and suspending them in a mixture of the oligourethane Genomer 4247 with two acrylate functionalities and a volatile solvent. Ink jetting tests were performed, as well as thermal conductance and mechanical property measurements. The material met the strict requirements of the printing technology, showing viscosities of around 16 mPa·s as a liquid. After solidification, it exhibited a ceramic content of 50 vol%, with a thermal conductance of 1 W/(m·K). The resulting values reflect the physical possibilities within the frame of the allowed tolerances set by the production method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Graf
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-7555
| | - Judith Jung
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;
| | - Thomas Hanemann
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Graf D, Qazzazie A, Hanemann T. Investigations on the Processing of Ceramic Filled Inks for 3D InkJet Printing. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2587. [PMID: 32517077 PMCID: PMC7321631 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
3D inkjet printing is moving from a technology of rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing. The introduction of ultraviolet curable composites filled with functional ceramics could expand the possibilities of this technology. In this work, a simple and scalable process was investigated as a template for the production of inkjet printable functional ceramics. Pyrogenic alumina particles with an average size of 13 nm, 35 nm and 100 nm were used as fillers in an acrylate mixture. The physical coating of the ceramics with 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] acetic acid results in a low-viscosity dispersion with a ceramic content of up to 2 vol%, Newtonian behavior and surface tension within the limits allowed for inkjet printing. The material has sufficient stability for printing tensile specimens. Tensile tests have shown that modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and toughness can be kept constant despite the light scatter caused by the particles. The final production steps could be reduced to grinding and drying of the powders, their resuspension in the organic matrix and inkjet printing. The process can be used in an industrial-scale production of materials for abrasion-resistant components with adapted tribology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Graf
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.Q.); (T.H.)
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Afnan Qazzazie
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.Q.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Hanemann
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.Q.); (T.H.)
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Graf D, Burchard S, Crespo J, Megnin C, Gutsch S, Zacharias M, Hanemann T. Influence of Al₂O₃ Nanoparticle Addition on a UV Cured Polyacrylate for 3D Inkjet Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040633. [PMID: 30959918 PMCID: PMC6523912 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The brittleness of acrylic photopolymers, frequently used in 3D Inkjet printing, limits their utilization in structural applications. In this study, a process was developed for the production and characterization of an alumina-enhanced nanocomposite with improved mechanical properties for Inkjet printing. Ceramic nanoparticles with an average primary particle size (APPS) of 16 nm and 31 nm, which was assessed via high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), were functionalized with 3.43 and 5.59 mg/m2 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS), respectively, while being ground in a ball mill. The suspensions of the modified fillers in a newly formulated acrylic mixture showed viscosities of 14 and 7 mPa∙s at the printing temperature of 60 °C. Ink-jetting tests were conducted successfully without clogging the printing nozzles. Tensile tests of casted specimens showed an improvement of the tensile strength and elongation at break in composites filled with 31 nm by 10.7% and 74.9%, respectively, relative to the unfilled polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Graf
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sven Burchard
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Julian Crespo
- TECNAN, Tecnología Navarra de Nanoproductos S.L, Industrial Area Perguita, C/A No. 1, 31210 Los Arcos, Spain.
| | - Christof Megnin
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Gutsch
- Laboratory for Nanotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Margit Zacharias
- Laboratory for Nanotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hanemann
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|