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Li H, Ji K, Liu P, Geng Y, Gong J, Zhang C, Ding Z, Xu Z, Shi J. Chitotriose Enhanced Antitumor Activity of Doxorubicin through Egr1 Upregulation in MDA-MB-231 Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:26. [PMID: 38248651 PMCID: PMC10821154 DOI: 10.3390/md22010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation is proposed as a strategy to reduce the side effects of conventional chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), a functional carbohydrate, have been identified to potentially inhibit cancer cell proliferation. However, a detailed investigation is required to fully understand its exact influence, particularly in terms of COS composition. The antitumor activities of COS oligomers and its monomer of glucosamine, when combined with doxorubicin separately, were evaluated in MDA-MB-231 cells. Chitotriose was identified to have the most significant synergistic effect. Preincubation with chitotriose was observed to promote the entry of doxorubicin into the cell nuclei and induce morphological changes in the cells. Mechanism analysis at the transcriptional level revealed that the early growth response 1 (Egr1) gene was a key regulator in enhancing the suppressive effect. This gene was found to modulate the activity of its downstream gene, growth arrest, and DNA damage-inducible alpha (Gadd45a). The role of Egr1 was confirmed through a small interfering RNA test and function assay. These findings provide insight into the effect and underlying mechanism of chitotriose supplementation for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.L.); (K.J.); (Y.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Ke Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.L.); (K.J.); (Y.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China;
| | - Yan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.L.); (K.J.); (Y.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Jinsong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.L.); (K.J.); (Y.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Chao Zhang
- Yangzhou Rixing Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Gaoyou 225601, China; (C.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhenzhong Ding
- Yangzhou Rixing Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Gaoyou 225601, China; (C.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.L.); (K.J.); (Y.G.); (J.G.)
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Zegeye EK, Sadler NC, Lomas GX, Attah IK, Jansson JK, Hofmockel KS, Anderton CR, Wright AT. Activity-Based Protein Profiling of Chitin Catabolism. Chembiochem 2020; 22:717-723. [PMID: 33049124 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The microbial catabolism of chitin, an abundant and ubiquitous environmental organic polymer, is a fundamental cog in terrestrial and aquatic carbon and nitrogen cycles. Despite the importance of this critical bio-geochemical function, there is a limited understanding of the synergy between the various hydrolytic and accessory enzymes involved in chitin catabolism. To address this deficit, we synthesized activity-based probes (ABPs) designed to target active chitinolytic enzymes by modifying the chitin subunits N-acetyl glucosamine and chitotriose. The ABPs were used to determine the active complement of chitinolytic enzymes produced over time by the soil bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus treated with various C substrates. We demonstrate the utility of these ABPs in determining the synergy between various enzymes involved in chitin catabolism. The strategy can be used to gain molecular-level insights that can be used to better understand microbial roles in soil bio-geochemical cycling in the face of a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias K Zegeye
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 1505 NE Stadium Way, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Natalie C Sadler
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Gerard X Lomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Isaac K Attah
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kirsten S Hofmockel
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa (USA) 50011
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Aaron T Wright
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 1505 NE Stadium Way, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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