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El-Moslemany AM, Abd-Elfatah MH, Tahoon NA, Bahnasy RM, Alotaibi BS, Ghamry HI, Shukry M. Mechanistic Assessment of Anise Seeds and Clove Buds against the Neurotoxicity Caused by Metronidazole in Rats: Possible Role of Antioxidants, Neurotransmitters, and Cytokines. Toxics 2023; 11:724. [PMID: 37755735 PMCID: PMC10538152 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-term use of the nitroimidazole-derived antibiotic metronidazole has been associated with neuronal damage due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Polyphenol-rich plants, such as anise seeds and clove buds, are suggested to have neuroprotective effects. However, their intracellular protective pathway against metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity remains unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the potential neuroprotective benefits of anise seeds and clove buds and elucidate the proposed metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity mechanism. This study divided rats into six groups, each containing six rats. In Group I, the control group, rats were administered saline orally. Group II rats received 200 mg/kg of metronidazole orally. Group III rats received 250 mg/kg b.w. of anise seed extract and metronidazole. Group IV rats received 500 mg/kg b.w. of anise seed extract (administered orally) and metronidazole. Group V rats received 250 mg/kg b.w. of clove bud extract (administered orally) and metronidazole. Group VI rats were administered 500 mg/kg b.w. of clove bud extract and metronidazole daily for 30 consecutive days. The study evaluated the phenolic compounds of anise seeds and clove buds. Moreover, it assessed the inflammatory and antioxidant indicators and neurotransmitter activity in brain tissues. A histological examination of the brain tissues was conducted to identify neuronal degeneration, brain antioxidants, and apoptotic mRNA expression. The study found that metronidazole treatment significantly altered antioxidant levels, inflammatory mediators, and structural changes in brain tissue. Metronidazole also induced apoptosis in brain tissue and escalated the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Oral administration of metronidazole resulted in a decrease in GABA, dopamine, and serotonin and an increase in ACHE in brain tissue. Conversely, oral administration of anise and clove extracts mitigated the harmful effects of metronidazole. The neurotoxic effects of metronidazole appear to stem from its ability to reduce antioxidants in brain tissue and increase nitric oxide production and apoptosis. The study concludes that neuronal damage caused by metronidazole is significantly mitigated by treatment with anise and clove extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M. El-Moslemany
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Tanta 31732, Egypt; (A.M.E.-M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Mai Hussein Abd-Elfatah
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Tanta 31732, Egypt; (A.M.E.-M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Nawal A. Tahoon
- Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Specific Education, Banha University, Banha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Rasha M. Bahnasy
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Tanta 31732, Egypt; (A.M.E.-M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Badriyah S. Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba I. Ghamry
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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Bitterling H, Schäfer U, Krammer G, Meier L, Brückner SI, Hartmann B, Ongouta J, Carle R, Steingass CB. Investigations into the Natural Occurrence of 1-Phenylethyl Acetate (Styrallyl Acetate). J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:8613-8620. [PMID: 32662269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
So far, the occurrence of the flavor constituent 1-phenylethyl acetate in a natural source has not been unambiguously confirmed. The present work provides the detailed identification of 1-phenylethyl acetate from clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) buds. In addition, headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed further occurrence of 1-phenylethyl acetate in cocoa pulp and grape hyacinth flowers. A total of 15.2 g of essential oil was recovered from 7.2 kg of clove buds by simultaneous distillation-extraction followed by vacuum distillation. The distillate obtained was fractionated by silica column chromatography, whereby a significant enrichment of 1-phenylethyl acetate was achieved. The fraction containing the target analyte was further purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, resulting in a final purity of ∼93.0%, yielding a total of 1 to 2 mg of 1-phenylethyl acetate. Identification of the isolated compound was achieved by GC/MS, infrared spectroscopy, enantioselective GC, isotope ratio MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Enantioselective GC/MS analysis revealed an enantiomeric excess of 60% (1S)-(-)-1-phenylethyl acetate in the isolate. The δ13CV-PDB value of -32.5 ± 0.5‰ was in accordance with that of C3-plants and other constituents found in genuine clove extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Bitterling
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Schäfer
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany
| | | | - Lars Meier
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany
| | | | - Beate Hartmann
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany
| | | | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80257, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-Based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
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