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Liang L, Wu H, Meng H, Fu L, Zhao J. Case report: A novel compound heterozygous variant in the TNXB gene causes single kidney agenesis and vesicoureteral reflux. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1322395. [PMID: 38370350 PMCID: PMC10869528 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1322395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the prevailing congenital anomaly of the kidneys and urinary tract, posing a significant risk for pyelonephritis scarring and chronic renal insufficiency in pediatric patients. Nevertheless, the precise genetic etiology of VUR remains enigmatic. In this current investigation, we conducted whole-exome sequencing on a child exhibiting single kidney, devoid of any familial VUR background, along with both biological parents. Two missense variants (NM_019105.8: exon11: c.4111G>A and NM_019105.8: exon2: c.31A>T) in the TNXB gene were identified through whole-exome sequencing of the child. These variants were found to be inherited from the child's parents, with each parent carrying one of the variants. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to assess the impact of these variants on the tenascin XB proteins encoded by them, revealing varying degrees of impairment. Based on our findings, it is suggested that the TNXB compound heterozygous variant, consisting of c.4111G>A and c.31A>T, may be the underlying cause of right renal agenesis and left hydronephrosis in afflicted child. This discovery broadens the genetic range of the TNXB gene and establishes a genetic foundation for disease-specific preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in prospective pregnancies involving the parents of this afflicted child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liang
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haixia Meng
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jianrong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Li H, Qi Z, Xie L, Hao C, Li W. The first Chinese intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 57 patient with two novel MBOAT7 variants. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2391. [PMID: 38407511 PMCID: PMC10844841 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability (ID) is a con neurodevelopmental disorder in children. The genetic etiology of ID is complex, but more subtypes are defined due to the broad application of next-generation sequencing. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing was applied in a family with ID. RESULTS We report a Chinese 7.5-year-old boy, born to non-consanguineous parents. He showed severe intellectual disability, seizures and autistic features. Two previously unreported variants in MBOAT7, c.669C>G (p.(Tyr223*)) and c.1095C>G (p.(Ser365Arg)) were identified by trio-WES. His mother is a heterozygous carrier of the c.1095C>G variant. The c.669C>G variant is a de novo variant which was undetected in his parents. By construction of the full-length cDNA of the patient's MBOAT7, we verified that these two variants were trans-compound heterozygous variants, which support the genetic etiology of this patient. CONCLUSION This patient is the first Chinese case of intellectual developmental disorder (IDD), autosomal recessive 57 (OMIM:617188) with two unreported MBOAT7 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Genetics and Reproductive MedicineShunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's HospitalBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute; Rare Disease Center, National Center for Children's Health; MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhan Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute; Rare Disease Center, National Center for Children's Health; MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Limin Xie
- Department of Genetics and Reproductive MedicineShunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chanjuan Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute; Rare Disease Center, National Center for Children's Health; MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute; Rare Disease Center, National Center for Children's Health; MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Shengjia S, Lei W, Tianwei W, Hongmei W, Juanzi S, Sen Q. Compound heterozygous variants in CFTR with potentially reducing ATP-binding ability identified in Chinese infertile brothers with isolated congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2249. [PMID: 37489040 PMCID: PMC10655520 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolated congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (iCBAVD) in men results in obstructive azoospermia and is mainly caused by pathogenic variants in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2). METHODS The next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to screen the mutations in the proband, and Sanger sequencings were performed to validate the compound heterozygous variant of CFTR in his family members. Protein structure simulation was performed to discover the potential pathological mechanism. RESULTS This study reported novel compound heterozygous CFTR mutations (NM:000492.4, Intron: 5T; c.3965_3969dupTTGGG: p.R1325Gfs*5) in two brothers with obstructive azoospermia. The compound heterozygous CFTR mutations were first screened out by NGS in an infertile male patient who exhibited iCBAVD from a nonconsanguineous Chinese family. Histological analysis of the testicular biopsy from this patient revealed normal spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa were observed in the seminiferous tubules. Surprisingly, the same compound heterozygous CFTR mutations were also observed in his brothers who also exhibited iCBAVD, with their parents being a heterozygous carrier for the mutations, as verified by Sanger sequencing. Protein structure simulation revealed that these mutations potentially led to impaired ATP-binding ability of CFTR. CONCLUSION We identified novel compound heterozygous CFTR mutations in two brothers and summarized the literature regarding CFTR mutation and male infertility. Our study may contribute to the genetic diagnosis of iCBAVD and future genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shengjia
- Reproductive CenterNorthwest Women's and Children's HospitalXi'anChina
| | - Wang Lei
- Reproductive CenterNorthwest Women's and Children's HospitalXi'anChina
| | - Wang Tianwei
- Reproductive CenterNorthwest Women's and Children's HospitalXi'anChina
| | - Wang Hongmei
- School of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shi Juanzi
- Reproductive CenterNorthwest Women's and Children's HospitalXi'anChina
| | - Qiao Sen
- Reproductive CenterNorthwest Women's and Children's HospitalXi'anChina
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Sharkia R, Zalan A, Zahalka H, Kessel A, Asaly A, Al-Shareef W, Mahajnah M. CLN8 Gene Compound Heterozygous Variants: A New Case and Protein Bioinformatics Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081393. [PMID: 36011304 PMCID: PMC9407845 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CLN8 disease type refers to one of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) which are the most common group of neurodegenerative diseases in childhood. The clinical phenotypes of this disease are progressive neurological deterioration that could lead to seizures, dementia, ataxia, visual failure, and various forms of abnormal movement. In the current study, we describe two patients who presented with atypical phenotypic manifestation and protracted clinical course of CLN8 carrying a novel compound heterozygous variant at the CLN8 gene. Our patients developed a mild phenotype of CLN8 disease: as they presented mild epilepsy, cognitive decline, mild learning disability, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), they developed a markedly protracted course of motor decline. Bioinformatic analyses of the compound heterozygous CLN8 gene variants were carried out. Most of the variants seem likely to act by compromising the structural integrity of regions within the protein. This in turn is expected to reduce the overall stability of the protein and render the protein less active to various degrees. The cases in our study confirmed and expanded the effect of compound heterozygous variants in CLN8 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajech Sharkia
- Unit of Human Biology and Genetics, The Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kafr Qara 30075, Israel
- Beit-Berl Academic College, Beit-Berl 4490500, Israel
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Abdelnaser Zalan
- Unit of Human Biology and Genetics, The Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kafr Qara 30075, Israel
| | - Hazar Zahalka
- Child Neurology and Development Center, Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel
| | - Amit Kessel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ayman Asaly
- Pediatrics Department, Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel
| | - Wasif Al-Shareef
- Unit of Human Biology and Genetics, The Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kafr Qara 30075, Israel
| | - Muhammad Mahajnah
- Child Neurology and Development Center, Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.M.)
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Chen X, Chen L, Wang Y, Shu C, Zhou Y, Wu R, Jin B, Yang L, Sun J, Qi M, Shu J. Identification and characterization of novel compound heterozygous variants in FSHR causing primary ovarian insufficiency with resistant ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1013894. [PMID: 36704038 PMCID: PMC9871476 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1013894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is among the foremost causes of women infertility due to premature partial or total loss of ovarian function. Resistant ovary syndrome (ROS) is a subtype of POI manifested as normal ovarian reserve but insensitive to gonadotropin stimulation. Inactivating variants of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), a class A G-protein coupled receptor, have been associated with POI and are inherited via an autosomal recessive pattern. In this study, we investigated the genetic causes of a primary infertility patient manifested as POI with ROS, and elucidated the structural and functional impact of variants of uncertain significance. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) combined with Sanger sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous FSHR variants: c.1384G>C/p.Ala462Pro and c.1862C>T/p.Ala621Val, inherited from her father and mother, respectively. The two altered amino acid sequences, localized in the third and seventh transmembrane helix of FSHR, were predicted as deleterious by in silico prediction. In vitro experiments revealed that the p.Ala462Pro variant resulted in barely detectable levels of intracellular signaling both in cAMP-dependent CRE-reporter activity and ERK activation and displayed a severely reduced plasma membrane receptor expression. In contrast, the p.Ala621Val variant resulted in partial loss of receptor activation without disruption of cell surface expression. In conclusion, two unreported inactivating FSHR variants potentially responsible for POI with ROS were first identified. This study expands the current phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Shu, ; Xiaopan Chen,
| | - Linjie Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chongyi Shu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yier Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bihui Jin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leixiang Yang
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhui Sun
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Shu, ; Xiaopan Chen,
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Wu S, Guo S, Fu L, Du C, Luo X. Case Report: Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia in a Chinese Child Treated With Growth Hormone. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:921323. [PMID: 35783312 PMCID: PMC9249018 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.921323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease type Ia is a rare metabolic disorder that leads to excessive glycogen and fat accumulation in organs, characterized by hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, lactic acidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, puberty delay, and growth retardation. Here, we report on a patient with glycogen storage disease type Ia treated with growth hormone. CASE PRESENTATION A 10-year-old boy had growth retardation for 6 years, and was admitted to clarify the cause of his short stature. We found that his bone age was 5.5 years, significantly lower than his physical age, while his serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were 23.30 and 1620.0 ng/mL, respectively, both lower than normal. His medical history revealed that he had suffered from steatohepatitis, hyperlipidemia, and hypoglycemia since he was 11 months of age. Whole exome sequencing (WES) showed compound heterozygous mutations in exons 2 and 5 of the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) gene on chromosome 17: c.G248A (p.R83H) and c.G648T (p.L216L). The patient was finally diagnosed with GSD Ia. After growth hormone (GH) treatment and corn starch therapy for 14 months, his height significantly increased (by 13 cm). The serum IGF-1 level increased to the normal range but his lipid levels and liver function did not significantly increase. CONCLUSION We describe a young patient with a compound heterozygous G6PC variant in a Chinese family; his height increased significantly after growth hormone and corn starch interventions. This case emphasizes that WES is essential for early diagnosis, and that growth hormone treatment may increase the height of patients with GSD Ia safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shusen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiqi Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Cao Y, Meng L, Zhang Y, Jiao J, Pu W, Ma L. Novel GLDC Compound Heterozygous Variant Leading to Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia: Case Report and Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:725930. [PMID: 34513771 PMCID: PMC8432289 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.725930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is a lethal autosomal recessive disease resulting from alterations in glycine metabolism, commonly caused by mutations in glycine decarboxylase (GLDC). The symptoms of NKH usually manifest in the neonatal period, and can be categorized into severe NKH and attenuated NKH based on the clinical outcome. To date, only a few NKH cases have been reported in China. We here report a case of a neonate with severe NKH carrying a novel compound heterozygous variant in GLDC. The patient was a 68-h-old girl who had progressive lethargy, no crying, and poor sucking ability from birth, and was therefore transferred to our department. On admission, the patient was supported by intubation and ventilation and presented with profound coma. Metabolic investigation indicated a markedly increased glycine concentration both in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Symptomatic treatments were administered, but the patient's condition did not improve substantially. Whole-exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous mutations (c.1261G>C, p.G421R and c.450 C>G, p.N150K) in GLDC, which were inherited from the mother and the father, respectively. The patient was hospitalized for 8 days in our department and died 2 days after discharge. We further summarize the clinical features, genetic characteristics, administered treatment, and prognosis of previously reported Chinese NKH patients for context. Our results highlight that due to the non-specific clinical phenotypes of NKH and difficulty in obtaining CSF samples, genetic testing is a crucial tool, not only for a diagnosis but also for predicting the clinical outcome and can potentially help to determine the optimal therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cao
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingzhi Meng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiancheng Jiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weicong Pu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Dorna MB, Barbosa PFA, Rangel-Santos A, Csomos K, Ujhazi B, Dasso JF, Thwaites D, Boyes J, Savic S, Walter JE. Combined Immunodeficiency With Late-Onset Progressive Hypogammaglobulinemia and Normal B Cell Count in a Patient With RAG2 Deficiency. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:122. [PMID: 31058115 PMCID: PMC6477099 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins expressed by recombination activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG1/2) are essential in the process of V(D)J recombination that leads to generation of the T and B cell repertoires. Clinical and immunological phenotypes of patients with RAG deficiencies correlate well to the degree of impaired RAG activity and this has been expanding to variants of combined immunodeficiency (CID) or even milder antibody deficiency syndromes. Pathogenic variants that severely impair recombinase activity of RAG1/2 determine a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) phenotype, whereas hypomorphic variants result in leaky (partial) SCID and other immunodeficiencies. We report a patient with novel pathogenic compound heterozygous RAG2 variants that result in a CID phenotype with two distinctive characteristics: late-onset progressive hypogammaglobulinemia and highly elevated B cell count. In addition, the patient had early onset of infections, T cell lymphopenia and expansion of lymphocytes after exposure to herpes family viruses. This case highlights the importance of considering pathogenic RAG variants among patients with preserved B cell count and CID phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra B Dorna
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamela F A Barbosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréia Rangel-Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 36), Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Krisztian Csomos
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Boglarka Ujhazi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Joseph F Dasso
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Thwaites
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Boyes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sinisa Savic
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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