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Nemec A, Španělová P, Shestivska V, Radolfová-Křížová L, Maixnerová M, Feng Y, Qin J, Cevallos MA, Zong Z. Proposal for Acinetobacter higginsii sp. nov. to accommodate organisms of human clinical origin previously classified as Acinetobacter genomic species 16. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37889259 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1989, Bouvet and Jeanjean delineated five proteolytic genomic species (GS) of Acinetobacter, each with two to four human isolates. Three were later validly named, whereas the remaining two (GS15 and GS16) have been awaiting nomenclatural clarification. Here we present the results of the genus-wide taxonomic study of 13 human strains classified as GS16 (n=10) or GS15 (n=3). Based on core genome phylogenetic analysis, the strains formed two respective but closely related phylogroups within the Acinetobacter haemolytic clade. The intraspecies genomic average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb) values for GS16 and GS15 reached ≥94.9 % and ≥98.7, respectively, whereas ANIb values between them were 92.5-93.5% and those between them and the known species were ≤91.5 %. GS16 and GS15 could be differentiated from the other Acinetobacter species by their ability to lyse gelatin and sheep blood and to assimilate d,l-lactate, along with their inability to acidify d-glucose and assimilate glutarate. In contrast, GS16 and GS15 were indistinguishable from one another by metabolic/physiological features or whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectra. All the GS15/GS16 genomes contained genes encoding a class D β-lactamase, Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase and aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase. Searching NCBI databases revealed genome sequences of three additional isolates of GS16, but none of GS15. We conclude that our data support GS16 as representing a novel species, but leave the question of the taxonomic status of GS15 open, given its close relatedness to GS16 and the small number of available strains. We propose the name Acinetobacter higginsii sp. nov. for GS16, with the type strain NIPH 1872T (CCM 9243T=CIP 70.18T=ATCC 17988T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Nemec
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Španělová
- Czech National Collection of Type Cultures, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Violetta Shestivska
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radolfová-Křížová
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Maixnerová
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Yu Feng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Qin
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Miguel A Cevallos
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Zhiyong Zong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
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Nemec A, Radolfová-Křížová L, Maixnerová M, Nemec M, Shestivska V, Španělová P, Kyselková M, Wilharm G, Higgins PG. Acinetobacter amyesii sp. nov., widespread in the soil and water environment and animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [PMID: 36282562 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied a novel taxon of the genus
Acinetobacter
, which comprised six strains collected in Czechia, Germany, Indonesia and Turkey between 2015 and 2021. The organisms were isolated from environmental soil, water samples and cow faeces. Their genome sizes varied between 3.3 and 3.5 Mb, with a G+C content of 40.4–40.8 mol%. Based on genus-wide core genome analysis, the taxon formed a distinct clade, with
Acinetobacter gandensis
being the phylogenetically closest related species. The intrataxon genomic average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values reached 95.3–97.4% and 62.5–77.8 %, respectively, whereas its ANIb/dDDH values against the known
Acinetobacter
type strains were ≤82.7 %/≤25.7 %. Cluster analysis of whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectra corroborated the distinctness and cohesiveness of the taxon. The novel strains were non-glucose-oxidizing, non-haemolytic and non-proteolytic, growing at up to 37–41 °C but not at 44 °C and utilizing 8–10 of the 36 carbon sources tested. Growth on glutarate, tricarballylate and at 37 °C combined with the inability to assimilate 4-aminobutyrate and d-malate differentiated them from all validly named
Acinetobacter
species. The inspection of genome sequences in the NCBI database revealed the existence of numerous strains conspecific with this group, which were collected from pig faeces and environmental samples in China. We conclude that the taxon represents an ecologically and geographically widespread species, for which we propose the name Acinetobacter amyesii sp. nov., with ANC 5579T (= CCM 9242T=CCUG 76274T=CNCTC 8134T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Nemec
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48,100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Lenka Radolfová-Křížová
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48,100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Martina Maixnerová
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48,100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Matěj Nemec
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48,100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Violetta Shestivska
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48,100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Petra Španělová
- Czech National Collection of Type Cultures, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Martina Kyselková
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 414220, Czechia
| | - Gottfried Wilharm
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, D-38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Paul G Higgins
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Goldenfelstrasse 19-21 50935 Cologne, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Nemec A, Radolfová-Křížová L, Maixnerová M, Shestivska V, Španělová P, Higgins PG. Acinetobacter silvestris sp. nov. discovered in forest ecosystems in Czechia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [PMID: 35439112 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a taxonomically novel group of the genus
Acinetobacter
, which included five strains isolated from soil and water samples collected in preserved forest areas in Czechia between 2013 and 2021. The whole-genome sequences of the strains were 3.1–3.2 Mb in size, with G+C contents of 38.0–38.2 mol%. Core genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that they formed a compact and deeply branched clade within the genus. The genomic average nucleotide identity based on blast/digital DNA–DNA hybridization values for the novel strains were 99.2–99.6 %/95.2–98.4 %, whereas those between the novel strains and the type strains of the known
Acinetobacter
species reached <78 %/<24 %. The results of the genus-wide analysis of whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectra supported the sharp distinctness of the group. The five strains were non-glucose acidifying, nonhaemolytic, nonproteolytic and growing at 28 °C, but not at 32 °C; they assimilated acetate, benzoate, ethanol, l-histidine, 4-hydroxybenzoate, dl-lactate and malonate but not 4-aminobutyrate, l-aspartate or 2,3-butanediol; this phenotype is unique among the known
Acinetobacter
species. We conclude that the five strains represent a novel environmental species, for which the name Acinetobacter silvestris sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain ANC 4999T (=CCM 9207T=CCUG 75877T=CNCTC 8124T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Nemec
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czechia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Lenka Radolfová-Křížová
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Martina Maixnerová
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Violetta Shestivska
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Petra Španělová
- Czech National Collection of Type Cultures, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czechia
| | - Paul G Higgins
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Goldenfelstrasse 19-21 50935 Cologne, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Glaeser SP, Rückert C, Abdelmohsen UR, Winkler A, Blom J, Goesmann A, Kalinowski J, Hentschel U, Busse HJ, Kämpfer P. Streptomyces dysideae sp. nov., isolated from a marine Mediterranean sponge Dysidea tupha. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33512313 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-positive bacterium, strain RV15T, forming an extensively branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae that differentiate into spiral chains of spores, was isolated from a marine sponge Dysidea tupha collected from Rovinj (Croatia). Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RV15T is a member of the genus Streptomyces with highest sequence similarity to the type strains of Streptomyces caeruleatus (98.8 %), Streptomyces cyaneochromogenes (98.6 %) and Streptomyces shaanxiensis (98.5 %). Sequence similarities to all other Streptomyces types strains were below 98.5 %. The multilocus sequence analysis-based evolutionary distance, the average nucleotide identity value and the genome-to-genome distance of strain RV15T and the type strain of S. caeruleatus were clearly below the species cut-off values. Strain RV15T exhibited a quinone system composed of the major menaquinones MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H2), typical for the genus Streptomyces. The polar lipid profile of strain RV15T consisted of the predominant compounds diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, moderate amounts of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified lipid and an unidentified phospholipid. Major polyamines were spermine and spermidine. The diagnostic diaminoacid of the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids were iso C16 : 0, anteiso C17 : 1 ω9c and anteiso C17 : 0. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed further phenotypic differentiation of strain RV15T from its most-related species and hence clearly merits species status. We propose the name Streptomyces dysideae sp. nov. with the type strain RV15T (=DSM 42110T=LMG 27702T).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rückert
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA.,Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 61111 new Minia, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Anika Winkler
- Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ute Hentschel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, RD3 Marine Symbioses, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Busse
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
A novel Gram-negative, obligate aerobic, mobile, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterial strain, WCHP16T, was isolated from the wastewater treatment plant at West China Hospital in Chengdu, PR China. It was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain WCHP16T belonged to the genus Pseudomonas with the highest similarity to Pseudomonas qingdaonensis JJ3T (99.34 %), Pseudomonas shirazica VM14T (99.0 %), Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NBRC 103162T (99.0 %) and Pseudomonas asiatica RYU5T (99.0 %). Phylogenomic analysis based on 107 core gene sequences demonstrated that WCHP16T was a member of the Pseudomonas putida group but was distant from all closely related species. Whole-genome comparisons, using average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH), confirmed low genome relatedness to all the known Pseudomonas species (below the recommended thresholds of 95 % [ANIb] and 70 % [isDDH] for species delineation). Phenotypic characterization tests showed that the utilization of phenylacetic acid and capric acid, but not d-arabitol, and inability to produce fluorescent (King B medium) in combination could distinguish this strain from other related species of the genus Pseudomonas. Therefore, based on genetic and phenotypic evidence, it is clear that strain WCHP16T represents a novel species, for which the name Pseudomonas defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WCHP16T (GDMCC1.1215T=CCTCC AB 2017103T=KCTC 52991T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Qin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, PR China
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yiyi Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, PR China
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, PR China
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yu Feng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, PR China
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Zong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, PR China
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Gilbert MJ, Zomer AL, Timmerman AJ, Spaninks MP, Rubio-García A, Rossen JW, Duim B, Wagenaar JA. Campylobacter blaseri sp. nov., isolated from common seals (Phoca vitulina). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:1787-1794. [PMID: 29624164 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During a study to assess the faecal microbiome of common seals (Phoca vitulina) in a Dutch seal rehabilitation centre, 16S rRNA gene sequences of an unknown Campylobacter taxon were identified. Campylobacter isolates, which differed from the established Campylobacter taxa, were cultured and their taxonomic position was determined by a polyphasic study based on ten isolates. The isolates were characterized by 16S rRNA and atpA gene sequence analyses and by conventional phenotypic testing. Based on the whole genome sequences, the average nucleotide identity and core genome phylogeny were determined. The isolates formed a separate phylogenetic clade, divergent from all other Campylobacter taxa and most closely related to Campylobacter corcagiensis, Campylobacter geochelonis and Campylobacter ureolyticus. The isolates can be distinguished phenotypically from all other Campylobacter taxa based on their lack of motility, growth at 25 °C and growth on MacConkey agar. This study shows that these isolates represent a novel species within the genus Campylobacter, for which the name Campylobacter blaseri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain for this novel species is 17S00004-5T (=LMG 30333T=CCUG 71276T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Gilbert
- Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation Netherlands (RAVON), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen J Timmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirlin P Spaninks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Rubio-García
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Sealcentre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Vinatzer BA, Weisberg AJ, Monteil CL, Elmarakeby HA, Sheppard SK, Heath LS. A Proposal for a Genome Similarity-Based Taxonomy for Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria that Is Sufficiently Precise to Reflect Phylogeny, Host Range, and Outbreak Affiliation Applied to Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato as a Proof of Concept. Phytopathology 2017; 107:18-28. [PMID: 27552324 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-16-0252-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomy of plant pathogenic bacteria is challenging because pathogens of different crops often belong to the same named species but current taxonomy does not provide names for bacteria below the subspecies level. The introduction of the host range-based pathovar system in the 1980s provided a temporary solution to this problem but has many limitations. The affordability of genome sequencing now provides the opportunity for developing a new genome-based taxonomic framework. We already proposed to name individual bacterial isolates based on pairwise genome similarity. Here, we expand on this idea and propose to use genome similarity-based codes, which we now call life identification numbers (LINs), to describe and name bacterial taxa. Using 93 genomes of Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato, LINs were compared with a P. syringae genome tree whereby the assigned LINs were found to be informative of a majority of phylogenetic relationships. LINs also reflected host range and outbreak association for strains of P. syringae pathovar actinidiae, a pathovar for which many genome sequences are available. We conclude that LINs could provide the basis for a new taxonomic framework to address the shortcomings of the current pathovar system and to complement the current taxonomic system of bacteria in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Vinatzer
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Virginia; second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; fourth and sixth authors: Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and fifth author: Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Virginia; second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; fourth and sixth authors: Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and fifth author: Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline L Monteil
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Virginia; second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; fourth and sixth authors: Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and fifth author: Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Haitham A Elmarakeby
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Virginia; second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; fourth and sixth authors: Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and fifth author: Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Virginia; second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; fourth and sixth authors: Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and fifth author: Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Lenwood S Heath
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Virginia; second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; fourth and sixth authors: Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and fifth author: Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
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