1
|
Tran TT, Jung J, Garcia L, Deshields J, Cerrato C, Penner MH, Tomasino E, Levin A, Zhao Y. Evaluation of Functional Spray Coatings for Mitigating the Uptake of Volatile Phenols by Pinot Noir Wine Grapes via Blocking, Absorption, and/or Adsorption. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:20222-20230. [PMID: 38054467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Spray coatings have shown promising potential in preventing the uptake of smoke phenols from wildfires into wine grapes. Three cellulose nanofiber-based coatings with low methoxyl pectin or varying concentrations of chitosan were made into films and their potential for blocking, absorption, or adsorption of phenols (guaiacol, m-cresol, and syringol) was evaluated using a custom-built smoke diffusion box. The coatings were also applied to Pinot noir grapes in a vineyard. GC-MS analysis for smoke phenols from headspace gases of diffusion study and extractions of films indicated that chitosan-based films can block guaiacol and syringol, and all films are able to capture m-cresol. The type of coating and application time in a vineyard did not affect (P < 0.05) physicochemical properties, size, and weight of the berries, whereas chitosan-based coatings resulted in a higher anthocyanin content of berries. This study provided new information about the key mechanisms (i.e., blocking phenols) of coatings to mitigate smoke phenol uptake in wine grapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trung T Tran
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jooyeoun Jung
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Lindsay Garcia
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Joseph Deshields
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Southern Oregon Research, Oregon State University, 569 Hanley Rd., Central Point, Oregon 97502, United States
| | - Cole Cerrato
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Michael H Penner
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Elizabeth Tomasino
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Alexander Levin
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Southern Oregon Research, Oregon State University, 569 Hanley Rd., Central Point, Oregon 97502, United States
| | - Yanyun Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Brown C, Brandt K, Konorev D, Day A, Wu CF, Wu MT, Turesky RJ. DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress of Tobacco Smoke Condensate in Human Bladder Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1863-1880. [PMID: 35877975 PMCID: PMC9665352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer (BC), with up to 50% of BC cases being attributed to smoking. There are 70 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke; however, the principal chemicals responsible for BC remain uncertain. The aromatic amines 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) are implicated in BC pathogenesis of smokers on the basis of the elevated BC risk in factory workers exposed to these chemicals. However, 4-ABP and 2-NA only occur at several nanograms per cigarette and may be insufficient to induce BC. In contrast, other genotoxicants, including acrolein, occur at 1000-fold or higher levels in tobacco smoke. There is limited data on the toxicological effects of tobacco smoke in human bladder cells. We have assessed the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) in human RT4 bladder cells. TSC was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction into an acid-neutral fraction (NF), containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs, phenols, and aldehydes, and a basic fraction (BF) containing aromatic amines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and N-nitroso compounds. The TSC and NF induced a time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxide formation, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site formation, while the BF showed weak effects. LC/MS-based metabolomic approaches showed that TSC and NF altered GSH biosynthesis pathways and induced more than 40 GSH conjugates. GSH conjugates of several hydroquinones were among the most abundant conjugates. RT4 cell treatment with synthetic hydroquinones and cresol mixtures at levels present in tobacco smoke accounted for most of the TSC-induced cytotoxicity and the AP sites formed. GSH conjugates of acrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, and crotonaldehyde levels also increased owing to TSC-induced oxidative stress. Thus, TSC is a potent toxicant and DNA-damaging agent, inducing deleterious effects in human bladder cells at concentrations of <1% of a cigarette in cell culture media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Scott J. Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Christina Brown
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Kyle Brandt
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Dmitri Konorev
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tsang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Van de Velde N, Javornik S, Sever T, Štular D, Šobak M, Štirn Ž, Likozar B, Jerman I. Bio-Based Epoxy Adhesives with Lignin-Based Aromatic Monophenols Replacing Bisphenol A. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223879. [PMID: 34833178 PMCID: PMC8621590 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-epoxy surface adhesive for adherence of the metal component species to glass substrate with desirable adhesion strength, converted controlled removal upon request, and bio-based resource inclusion was developed. For the development of resin, three different lignin-based aromatic monophenols, guaiacol, cresol, and vanillin, were used in the chemical epoxidation reaction with epichlorohydrin. The forming transformation process was studied by viscoelasticity, in situ FTIR monitoring, and Raman. Unlike other hydroxyl phenyls, guaiacol showed successful epoxide production, and stability at room temperature. Optimization of epoxide synthesis was conducted by varying NaOH concentration or reaction time. The obtained product was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and viscosity measurements. For the production of adhesive, environmentally problematic bisphenol A (BPA) epoxy was partially substituted with the environmentally acceptable, optimized guaiacol-based epoxy at 20, 50, and 80 wt.%. Mechanics, rheological properties, and the possibility of adhered phase de-application were assessed on the bio-substitutes and compared to commercially available polyepoxides or polyurethanes. Considering our aim, the sample composed of 80 wt.% bio-based epoxy/20 wt.% BPA thermoset was demonstrated to be the most suitable among those analyzed, as it was characterized by low BPA, desired boundary area and recoverability using a 10 wt.% acetic acid solution under ultrasound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Van de Velde
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Saška Javornik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Tilen Sever
- Steklarna Hrastnik, d. o. o., Cesta 1. maja 14, 1430 Hrastnik, Slovenia;
| | - Danaja Štular
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Matic Šobak
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Žiga Štirn
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Blaž Likozar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
- Pulp and Paper Institute, Bogišićeva 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-4760-440
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oshiro S, Ramalho M, Durães PC, Andrade R, Silva K, Silvério F, Pinho G. p- Cresol in cheese: Is it a flavouring compound or chemical contaminant? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1510-1519. [PMID: 32679005 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1778190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
p-Cresol has been identified as a flavouring compound in cheeses; however, scientific studies have already identified p-cresol as a potential chemical contaminant in environmental matrices. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate four traditional methods for extracting p-cresol from cheese samples in order to validate the best method, and finally to apply it to five cheese samples with different origins, processing and ripeness times. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatisation of p-cresol with anhydride acetic and pyridine. Better results were achieved by the QuEChERS method, which showed recovery higher than 80%, relative standard deviation lower than 16%, limit of quantification of 5 μg kg-1 and linearity between 5 and 400 μg kg-1 with R2 0.99. p-Cresol was quantified in almost all of the samples analysed at different concentration levels, which were in an increasing order at μg kg-1: Cheddar (< LOQ), Parmesan (8 ± 0.7), Gorgonzola (103 ± 14), smoked Provolone (365 ± 28) and barbecue cheese (1001 ± 187). Although no maximum residue limit has been established for p-cresol in food, the results suggest that cheeses exposed to charcoal combustion notably increase the p-cresol levels and may represent a hazard to human health, especially in risk groups such as patients with chronic kidney disease who have serious problems with p-cresol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susane Oshiro
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta Ramalho
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paloma Cristina Durães
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raissa Andrade
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karolina Silva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Silvério
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gevany Pinho
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhattacharya S, Roy I, Tice A, Chapman C, Udangawa R, Chakrapani V, Plawsky JL, Linhardt RJ. High-Conductivity and High-Capacitance Electrospun Fibers for Supercapacitor Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:19369-19376. [PMID: 32275134 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a simple method for producing nanoscale or microscale fibers from a wide variety of materials. Intrinsically conductive polymers (ICPs), such as polyaniline (PANI), show higher conductivities with the use of secondary dopants like m-cresol. However, due to the low volatility of most secondary dopants, it has not been possible to electrospin secondary doped ICP fibers. In this work, the concept of secondary doping has been applied for the first time to electrospun fibers. Using a novel design for rotating drum electrospinning, fibers were efficiently and reliably produced from a mixture of low- and high-volatility solvents. The conductivity of electrospun PANI-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibers prepared was 1.73 S/cm, two orders of magnitude higher than the average value reported in the literature. These conductive fibers were tested as electrodes for supercapacitors and were shown to have a specific capacitance as high as 3121 F/g at 0.1 A/g, the highest value reported, thus far, for PANI-PEO electrospun fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somdatta Bhattacharya
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Indroneil Roy
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Aaron Tice
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, United States
| | - Caitlyn Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, United States
| | - Ranodhi Udangawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, United States
| | - Vidhya Chakrapani
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Joel L Plawsky
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Cresols are a group of naturally occurring and massively produced methylphenols with broad use in the chemical industry. Here, we report that m-cresol and its liquid mixtures with other isomers are surprisingly good solvents for processing carbon nanotubes. They can disperse carbon nanotubes of various types at unprecedentedly high concentrations of tens of weight percent, without the need for any dispersing agent or additive. Cresols interact with carbon nanotubes by charge transfer through the phenolic hydroxyl proton and can be removed after processing by evaporation or washing, without altering the surface of carbon nanotubes. Cresol solvents render carbon nanotubes polymer-like rheological and viscoelastic properties and processability. As the concentration of nanotubes increases, a continuous transition of four states can be observed, including dilute dispersion, thick paste, free-standing gel, and eventually a kneadable, playdough-like material. As demonstrated with a few proofs of concept, cresols make powders of agglomerated carbon nanotubes immediately usable by a broad array of material-processing techniques to create desirable structures and form factors and make their polymer composites.
Collapse
|
7
|
Verma AM, Kishore N. Platinum catalyzed hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol in illumination of cresol production: a density functional theory study. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170650. [PMID: 29291058 PMCID: PMC5717632 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unprocessed bio-oil obtained by the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass comprises hundreds of oxy-components which vitiate its quality in terms of low heating value, low stability, low pH, etc. Therefore, it has to be upgraded prior to its use as transportation fuel. In this work, guaiacol, a promising compound of the phenolic fraction of unprocessed bio-oil, is considered as a model component for studying its hydrodeoxygenation over a Pt3 catalyst cluster. The production of catechol, 3-methylcatechol, m-cresol and o-cresol from guaiacol over a Pt3 cluster is numerically investigated using density functional theory. Further, the kinetic parameters are obtained over a wide range of temperature, i.e. 473-673 K at an interval of 50 K. Briefly, results indicate that O─H and C─H bond scissions determine the reaction rates of 'guaiacol to catechol' and 'catechol to 3-methylcatechol' reactions with activation energies of 30.32 and 41.3 kcal mol-1, respectively. On the other hand, C─O bond scissions determine the rates of 3-methylcatechol to m- and o-cresol production reactions, respectively. The kinetics of all reactions indicate that ln k versus 1/T plots are linear over the entire range of temperature considered herein.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tangtrakulwanich K, Albuquerque TA, Brewer GJ, Baxendale FP, Zurek L, Miller DN, Taylor DB, Friesen KA, Zhu JJ. Behavioural responses of stable flies to cattle manure slurry associated odourants. Med Vet Entomol 2015; 29:82-87. [PMID: 25557192 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans [Diptera: Muscidae] L.) are blood-feeding synanthropic pests, which cause significant economic losses in livestock. Stable fly antennae contain olfactory sensilla responsive to host and host environment-associated odours. Field observation indicated that the abundance of stable flies increased significantly in grasslands or crop fields when cattle manure slurry was applied. Major volatile compounds emanating from manure slurry were collected and identified. Behavioural responses of stable flies to those compounds were investigated in laboratory bioassays and field-trapping studies. Results from olfactometer assays revealed that phenol, p-cresol and m-cresol were attractive to adult stable flies. When tested individually, attraction was higher with lower dosages. Stable flies were most attracted to blends of phenol and m-cresol or p-cresol. Traps with binary blend lures caught more stable flies in field trials as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tangtrakulwanich
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Corpet DE, Yin Y, Zhang XM, Rémésy C, Stamp D, Medline A, Thompson L, Bruce WR, Archer MC. Colonic protein fermentation and promotion of colon carcinogenesis by thermolyzed casein. Nutr Cancer 1995; 23:271-81. [PMID: 7603887 PMCID: PMC2518970 DOI: 10.1080/01635589509514381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Thermolyzed casein is known to promote the growth of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon cancer when it is fed to rats that have been initiated with azoxymethane. We speculated that the promotion was a consequence of increased colonic protein fermentation (i.e., that the thermolysis of the casein decreases its digestibility, increases the amount of protein reaching the colon, and increases colonic protein fermentation and that the potentially toxic products of this fermentation promote colon carcinogenesis). We found that the thermolysis of casein reduces its digestibility and increases colonic protein fermentation, as assessed by fecal ammonium and urinary phenol, cresol, and indol-3-ol. Thermolysis of two other proteins, soy and egg white protein, also increases colonic protein fermentation with increased fecal ammonia and urinary phenols, and thermolysis of all three proteins increases the levels of ammonia and butyric, valeric, and i-valeric acids in the cecal contents. We found, however, that the increased protein fermentation observed with thermolysis is not associated with promotion of colon carcinogenesis. With casein, the kinetics of protein fermentation with increasing thermolysis time are clearly different from the kinetics of promotion of ACF growth. The formation of the fermentation products was highest when the protein was thermolyzed for one hour, whereas promotion was highest for protein that had been thermolyzed for two or more hours. With soy and egg white, thermolysis increased colonic protein fermentation but did not promote colon carcinogenesis. Thus, although thermolysis of dietary casein increases colonic protein fermentation, products of this fermentation do not appear to be responsible for the promotion of colon carcinogenesis. Indeed, the results suggest that protein fermentation products do not play an important role in colon cancer promotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis E. Corpet
- XENOBIOTIQUES, Xénobiotiques
INRA : UR1089Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de ToulouseFR
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W. R. Bruce
- Department of Nutritional Sciences
University of TorontoUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2,CA
| | - M. C. Archer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences
University of TorontoUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2,CA
| |
Collapse
|