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Sivanasworn NK, Anantham G, Jamal SM, Hatta MM, Ismail AK. Managing an Unidentified Jellyfish Sting with Mixed Envenomation Syndrome at a Noncoastal Hospital: Is This a New Form of Jellyfish Envenomation? Wilderness Environ Med 2023:S1080-6032(23)00011-X. [PMID: 36935280 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Jellyfish stings are the most common cause of marine envenomation in humans. Various species of box jellyfish have been identified around Penang Island, Malaysia, and these include multitentacled and four-tentacled box jellyfish (class Cubozoa). The typical syndrome following envenomation from these jellyfish has been poorly documented, posing a greater challenge when managing an unidentified jellyfish sting from Penang Island. We report a case of a 32-y-old man from Penang Island who was stung by an unidentified jellyfish while walking into the sea. The patient reported that he felt an immediate and severe electric current‒like pain over both thighs, left flank, and left forearm, followed by chest discomfort and breathlessness. Vinegar was applied over the affected areas, and he was rushed to a hospital, where he was treated with analgesia, steroids, and antihistamine. He refused hospitalization and was discharged against medical advice. He then presented to a noncoastal hospital 377 km away in Kuala Lumpur on the following day with severe pain over the affected sites as well as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, and abdominal cramps. The electrocardiograph demonstrated features of Wolff-Parkinson-White. Serial blood test results showed elevated creatine kinase but normal troponin I levels. The patient was managed symptomatically over a period of 4 d and was discharged with cardiology follow-up. Appropriate health-seeking behavior needs to be emphasized. This case report provides an opportunity to document the signs and symptoms of envenomation from possibly an undescribed jellyfish species near the coastal waters of Penang Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar Sivanasworn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Geetha Anantham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shamsuriani Md Jamal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Munawar Mohamed Hatta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Khaldun Ismail
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Abstract
There is a long-lasting quest of demarcating a minimally representational behavior. Based on neurophysiologically-informed behavioral studies, we argue in detail that one of the simplest cases of organismic behavior based on low-resolution spatial vision–the visually-guided obstacle avoidance in the cubozoan medusa Tripedalia cystophora–implies already a minimal form of representation. We further argue that the characteristics and properties of this form of constancy-employing structural representation distinguish it substantially from putative representational states associated with mere sensory indicators, and we reply to some possible objections from the liberal representationalists camp by defending and qualitatively demarcating the minimal nature of our case. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications of our thesis within a naturalistic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Arnellos
- Complex Systems and Service Design Lab, Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering, University of the Aegean, Syros, Greece.,Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, IAS-Research Center for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alvaro Moreno
- Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, IAS-Research Center for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
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Reinicke J, Kitatani R, Masoud SS, Galbraith KK, Yoshida W, Igarashi A, Nagasawa K, Berger G, Yanagihara A, Nagai H, Horgen FD. Isolation, Structure Determination, and Synthesis of Cyclic Tetraglutamic Acids from Box Jellyfish Species Alatina alata and Chironex yamaguchii. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040883. [PMID: 32079282 PMCID: PMC7070617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cubozoan nematocyst venoms contain known cytolytic and hemolytic proteins, but small molecule components have not been previously reported from cubozoan venom. We screened nematocyst extracts of Alatina alata and Chironex yamaguchii by LC-MS for the presence of small molecule metabolites. Three isomeric compounds, cnidarins 4A (1), 4B (2), and 4C (3), were isolated from venom extracts and characterized by NMR and MS, which revealed their planar structure as cyclic γ-linked tetraglutamic acids. The full configurational assignments were established by syntheses of all six possible stereoisomers, comparison of spectral data and optical rotations, and stereochemical analysis of derivatized degradation products. Compounds 1-3 were subsequently detected by LC-MS in tissues of eight other cnidarian species. The most abundant of these compounds, cnidarin 4A (1), showed no mammalian cell toxicity or hemolytic activity, which may suggest a role for these cyclic tetraglutamates in nematocyst discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Reinicke
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; (J.R.); (K.K.G.)
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Ryuju Kitatani
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; (R.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Shadi Sedghi Masoud
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (S.S.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Kelly Kawabata Galbraith
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; (J.R.); (K.K.G.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wesley Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 98622, USA;
| | - Ayako Igarashi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; (R.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (S.S.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Gideon Berger
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; (J.R.); (K.K.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.Y.); (H.N.); (F.D.H.); Tel.: +1-808-236-3551 (G.B.); +1-808- 956-8328 (A.Y.); +81-3-5463-0454 (H.N.); +1-808-236-5864 (F.D.H.)
| | - Angel Yanagihara
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, and Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.Y.); (H.N.); (F.D.H.); Tel.: +1-808-236-3551 (G.B.); +1-808- 956-8328 (A.Y.); +81-3-5463-0454 (H.N.); +1-808-236-5864 (F.D.H.)
| | - Hiroshi Nagai
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; (R.K.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.Y.); (H.N.); (F.D.H.); Tel.: +1-808-236-3551 (G.B.); +1-808- 956-8328 (A.Y.); +81-3-5463-0454 (H.N.); +1-808-236-5864 (F.D.H.)
| | - F. David Horgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; (J.R.); (K.K.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.Y.); (H.N.); (F.D.H.); Tel.: +1-808-236-3551 (G.B.); +1-808- 956-8328 (A.Y.); +81-3-5463-0454 (H.N.); +1-808-236-5864 (F.D.H.)
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Ohdera A, Ames CL, Dikow RB, Kayal E, Chiodin M, Busby B, La S, Pirro S, Collins AG, Medina M, Ryan JF. Box, stalked, and upside-down? Draft genomes from diverse jellyfish (Cnidaria, Acraspeda) lineages: Alatina alata ( Cubozoa), Calvadosia cruxmelitensis (Staurozoa), and Cassiopea xamachana (Scyphozoa). Gigascience 2019; 8:giz069. [PMID: 31257419 PMCID: PMC6599738 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthozoa, Endocnidozoa, and Medusozoa are the 3 major clades of Cnidaria. Medusozoa is further divided into 4 clades, Hydrozoa, Staurozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyphozoa-the latter 3 lineages make up the clade Acraspeda. Acraspeda encompasses extraordinary diversity in terms of life history, numerous nuisance species, taxa with complex eyes rivaling other animals, and some of the most venomous organisms on the planet. Genomes have recently become available within Scyphozoa and Cubozoa, but there are currently no published genomes within Staurozoa and Cubozoa. FINDINGS Here we present 3 new draft genomes of Calvadosia cruxmelitensis (Staurozoa), Alatina alata (Cubozoa), and Cassiopea xamachana (Scyphozoa) for which we provide a preliminary orthology analysis that includes an inventory of their respective venom-related genes. Additionally, we identify synteny between POU and Hox genes that had previously been reported in a hydrozoan, suggesting this linkage is highly conserved, possibly dating back to at least the last common ancestor of Medusozoa, yet likely independent of vertebrate POU-Hox linkages. CONCLUSIONS These draft genomes provide a valuable resource for studying the evolutionary history and biology of these extraordinary animals, and for identifying genomic features underlying venom, vision, and life history traits in Acraspeda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ohdera
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 326 Mueller, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Cheryl L Ames
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th Street & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington DC, 20560, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8600 Rockville Pike MSC 3830, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Rebecca B Dikow
- Data Science Lab, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Smithsonian Institution, 10th Street & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington DC, 20560, USA
| | - Ehsan Kayal
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th Street & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington DC, 20560, USA
- UPMC, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Marta Chiodin
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ben Busby
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8600 Rockville Pike MSC 3830, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Sean La
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8600 Rockville Pike MSC 3830, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Barnaby, British Columbia, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Stacy Pirro
- Iridian Genomes, Inc., 6213 Swords Way, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Allen G Collins
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th Street & Constitution Avenue NW, Washington DC, 20560, USA
- National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA's Fisheries Service, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 326 Mueller, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Garm A, Bielecki J, Petie R, Nilsson DE. Hunting in Bioluminescent Light: Vision in the Nocturnal Box Jellyfish Copula sivickisi. Front Physiol 2016; 7:99. [PMID: 27065877 PMCID: PMC4812875 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cubomedusae all have a similar set of six eyes on each of their four rhopalia. Still, there is a great variation in activity patterns with some species being strictly day active while others are strictly night active. Here we have examined the visual ecology of the medusa of the night active Copula sivickisi from Okinawa using optics, morphology, electrophysiology, and behavioral experiments. We found the lenses of both the upper and the lower lens eyes to be image forming but under-focused, resulting in low spatial resolution in the order of 10-15°. The photoreceptor physiology is similar in the two lens eyes and they have a single opsin peaking around 460 nm and low temporal resolution with a flicker fusion frequency (fff) of 2.5 Hz indicating adaptions to vision in low light intensities. Further, the outer segments have fluid filled swellings, which may concentrate the light in the photoreceptor membrane by total internal reflections, and thus enhance the signal to noise ratio in the eyes. Finally our behavioral experiments confirmed that the animals use vision when hunting. When they are active at night they seek out high prey-concentration by visual attraction to areas with abundant bioluminescent flashes triggered by their prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Garm
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Bielecki
- Department of Ecology evolution and Marin Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Petie
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan-Eric Nilsson
- Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University Lund, Sweden
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