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Surapaneni VA, Aust T, Speck T, Thielen M. Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae). Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2021; 12:1326-1338. [PMID: 34934607 PMCID: PMC8649201 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is a multifunctional barrier that separates the organs of the plant from the surrounding environment. Cuticular ridges are microscale wrinkle-like cuticular protrusions that occur on many flower and leaf surfaces. These microscopic ridges can help against pest insects by reducing the frictional forces experienced when they walk on the leaves and might also provide mechanical stability to the growing plant organs. Here, we have studied the development of cuticular ridges on adaxial leaf surfaces of the tropical Araceae Schismatoglottis calyptrata. We used polymer replicas of adaxial leaf surfaces at various ontogenetic stages to study the morphological changes occurring on the leaf surfaces. We characterized the replica surfaces by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and commercial surface analysis software. The development of cuticular ridges is polar and the ridge progression occurs basipetally with a specific inclination to the midrib on Schismatoglottis calyptrata leaves. Using Colorado potato beetles as model species, we performed traction experiments on freshly unrolled and adult leaves and found low walking frictional forces of insects on both of these surfaces. The changes in the micro- and macroscale morphology of the leaves should improve our understanding of the way that plants defend themselves against insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Surapaneni
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Aust
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@ FIT- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Hong L, Brown J, Segerson NA, Rose JKC, Roeder AHK. CUTIN SYNTHASE 2 Maintains Progressively Developing Cuticular Ridges in Arabidopsis Sepals. Mol Plant 2017; 10:560-574. [PMID: 28110092 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a crucial barrier on the aerial surfaces of land plants. In many plants, including Arabidopsis, the sepals and petals form distinctive nanoridges in their cuticles. However, little is known about how the formation and maintenance of these nanostructures is coordinated with the growth and development of the underlying cells. Here we report the characterization of the Arabidopsis cutin synthase 2 (cus2) mutant, which causes a great reduction in cuticular ridges on the mature sepal epidermis, but only a moderate effect on petal cone cell ridges. Using scanning electron microscopy and confocal live imaging combined with quantification of cellular growth, we find that cuticular ridge formation progresses down the sepal from tip to base as the sepal grows. pCUS2::GFP-GUS reporter expression coincides with cuticular ridge formation, descending the sepal from tip to base. Ridge formation also coincides with the reduction in growth rate and termination of cell division of the underlying epidermal cells. Surprisingly, cuticular ridges at first form normally in the cus2 mutant, but are lost progressively at later stages of sepal development, indicating that CUS2 is crucial for the maintenance of cuticular ridges after they are formed. Our results reveal the dynamics of both ridge formation and maintenance as the sepal grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joel Brown
- Field of Genetics Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas A Segerson
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Field of Genetics Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Li-Beisson Y, Pollard M, Sauveplane V, Pinot F, Ohlrogge J, Beisson F. Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:22008-13. [PMID: 19959665 PMCID: PMC2788479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctive nanoridges on the surface of flowers have puzzled plant biologists ever since their discovery over 75 years ago. Although postulated to help attract insect pollinators, the function, chemical nature, and ontogeny of these surface nanostructures remain uncertain. Studies have been hampered by the fact that no ridgeless mutants have been identified. Here, we describe two mutants lacking nanoridges and define the biosynthetic pathway for 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate, a major cutin monomer in nature. Using gene expression profiling, two candidates for the formation of floral cutin were identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana: the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6 (GPAT6) and a member of a cytochrome P450 family with unknown biological function (CYP77A6). Plants carrying null mutations in either gene produced petals with no nanoridges and no cuticle could be observed by either scanning or transmission electron microscopy. A strong reduction in cutin content was found in flowers of both mutants. In planta overexpression suggested GPAT6 preferentially uses palmitate derivatives in cutin synthesis. Comparison of cutin monomer profiles in knockouts for CYP77A6 and the fatty acid omega-hydroxylase CYP86A4 provided genetic evidence that CYP77A6 is an in-chain hydroxylase acting subsequently to CYP86A4 in the synthesis of 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate. Biochemical activity of CYP77A6 was demonstrated by production of dihydroxypalmitates from 16-hydroxypalmitate, using CYP77A6-expressing yeast microsomes. These results define the biosynthetic pathway for an abundant and widespread monomer of the cutin polyester, show that the morphology of floral surfaces depends on the synthesis of cutin, and identify target genes to investigate the function of nanoridges in flower biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Mike Pollard
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Vincent Sauveplane
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67083 Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Franck Pinot
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67083 Strasbourg, France; and
| | - John Ohlrogge
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Fred Beisson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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