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Kuzucu M. Extremophilic Solutions: The Role of Deinoxanthin in Counteracting UV-Induced Skin Harm. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8372-8394. [PMID: 37886971 PMCID: PMC10605247 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This research delved into the protective capacities of deinoxanthin, a carotenoid present in Deinococcus radiodurans, against UVA- and UVB-mediated skin damage using human fibroblast foreskin cells (HFF-1). Using the MTT assay, HFF-1 cells treated with 10 µM DNX displayed 20% and 31.7% higher viability than the positive (Vitamin C-treated) and negative (DNX-untreated) control groups, respectively, upon 100 mJ/cm2 UVB exposure. At 24 J/cm2 UVA, 20 µM DNX-treated cells showed 80.6% viability, exceeding the positive and negative control groups by 28.6% and 33.6%, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that cells treated with DNX and exposed to 24 J/cm2 UVA exhibited a 69.32% reduction in apoptotic processes compared to untreated cells. Similarly, when exposed to 100 mJ/cm2 UVB, DNX-treated cells demonstrated a 72.35% decrease in apoptotic processes relative to their untreated counterparts. DNX also displayed dose-dependent inhibition on tyrosinase activity. The study emphasized DNX's antioxidative capacity, evident in its modulation of superoxide dismutase activity and measurements of Malondialdehyde and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. DNX-treated cells exhibited higher hydroxyproline levels, suggesting healthier collagen production. Additionally, the wound-healing assay method confirmed an accelerated healing rate in DNX-treated cells. Conclusively, DNX offers significant protection against UV-induced skin damage, emphasizing its potential for skincare and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kuzucu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan 24100, Türkiye
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Yu S, Kim S, Kim J, Kim JW, Kim SY, Yeom B, Kim H, Choi WII, Sung D. Highly Water-Dispersed and Stable Deinoxanthin Nanocapsule for Effective Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4555-4565. [PMID: 37581101 PMCID: PMC10423574 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s401808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deinoxanthin (DX), a carotenoid, has excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, owing to its lipophilicity, it is unfavorably dispersed in water and has low stability, limiting its application in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, it is necessary to study nanoparticles to increase the loading capacity and stability of DX. Methods In this study, DX-loaded nanocapsules (DX@NCs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation by loading DX into nanocapsules. The size, polydispersity index, surface charge, and morphology of DX@NCs were confirmed through dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The loading content and loading efficiency of DX in DX@NCs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of DX@NCs was evaluated by DPPH assay and in vitro ROS. The biocompatibility of DX@NCs was evaluated using an in vitro MTT assay. In vitro NO analysis was performed to determine the effective anti-inflammatory efficacy of DX@NCs. Results DX@NCs exhibited increased stability and antioxidant efficacy owing to the improved water solubility of DX. The in situ and in vitro antioxidant activity of DX@NCs was higher than that of unloaded DX. In addition, it showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the NO level in an in vitro cell model. Conclusion This study presents a nanocarrier to improve the water-soluble dispersion and stability of DX. These results demonstrate that DX@NC is a carrier with excellent stability and has a high potential for use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon Yu
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Kim
- Materials Science Research Institute, LABIO Co., Ltd, Seoul, 08501, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- Materials Science Research Institute, LABIO Co., Ltd, Seoul, 08501, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Yeom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gyeongbuk, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Won I I Choi
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyung Sung
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Antioxidant defense of Deinococcus radiodurans: how does it contribute to extreme radiation resistance? Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1803-1829. [PMID: 37498212 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2241895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremely radioresistant bacterium characterized by D10 of 10 kGy, and able to grow luxuriantly under chronic ionizing radiation of 60 Gy/h. The aim of this article is to review the antioxidant system of D. radiodurans and its possible role in the unusual resistance of this bacterium to ionizing radiation. CONCLUSIONS The unusual radiation resistance of D. radiodurans has apparently evolved as a side effect of the adaptation of this extremophile to other damaging environmental factors, especially desiccation. The antioxidant proteins and low-molecular antioxidants (especially low-molecular weight Mn2+ complexes and carotenoids, in particular, deinoxanthin), as well as protein and non-protein regulators, are important for the antioxidant defense of this species. Antioxidant protection of proteins from radiation inactivation enables the repair of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Jeong SW, Kim JH, Kim JW, Kim CY, Kim SY, Choi YJ. Metabolic Engineering of Extremophilic Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans for the Production of the Novel Carotenoid Deinoxanthin. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E44. [PMID: 33375757 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinoxanthin, a xanthophyll derived from Deinococcus species, is a unique organic compound that provides greater antioxidant effects compared to other carotenoids due to its superior scavenging activity against singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, it has attracted significant attention as a next-generation organic compound that has great potential as a natural ingredient in a food supplements. Although the microbial identification of deinoxanthin has been identified, mass production has not yet been achieved. Here, we report, for the first time, the development of an engineered extremophilic microorganism, Deinococcus radiodurans strain R1, that is capable of producing deinoxanthin through rational metabolic engineering and process optimization. The genes crtB and dxs were first introduced into the genome to reinforce the metabolic flux towards deinoxanthin. The optimal temperature was then identified through a comparative analysis of the mRNA expression of the two genes, while the carbon source was further optimized to increase deinoxanthin production. The final engineered D. radiodurans strain R1 was able to produce 394 ± 17.6 mg/L (102 ± 11.1 mg/g DCW) of deinoxanthin with a yield of 40.4 ± 1.2 mg/g sucrose and a productivity of 8.4 ± 0.2 mg/L/h from 10 g/L of sucrose. The final engineered strain and the strategies developed in the present study can act as the foundation for the industrial application of extremophilic microorganisms.
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Choi JY, Lee K, Lee PC. Characterization of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Newly Isolated Deinococcus sp. AJ005 and Investigation of the Effects of Environmental Conditions on Cell Growth and Carotenoid Biosynthesis. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120705. [PMID: 31847382 PMCID: PMC6950390 DOI: 10.3390/md17120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to characterize the structures of deinoxanthin from Deinococcus sp. AJ005. The latter is a novel reddish strain and was found to synthesize two main acyclic carotenoids: deinoxanthin and its derivative. The derivative (2-keto-deinoxanthin) contains a 2-keto functional group instead of a 2-hydroxyl group on a β-ionone ring. A deinoxanthin biosynthesis pathway of Deinococcus sp. AJ005 involving eight putative enzymes was proposed according to genome annotation analysis and chemical identification of deinoxanthin. Optimal culture pH and temperature for Deinococcus sp. AJ005 growth were pH 7.4 and 20 °C. Sucrose as a carbon source significantly enhanced the cell growth in comparison with glucose, glycerol, maltose, lactose, and galactose. When batch fermentation was performed in a bioreactor containing 40g/L sucrose, total carotenoid production was 650% higher than that in a medium without sucrose supplementation. The culture conditions found in this study should provide the basis for the development of fermentation strategies for the production of deinoxanthin and of its derivative by means of Deinococcus sp. AJ005.
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Tapia C, López B, Astuya A, Becerra J, Gugliandolo C, Parra B, Martínez M. Antiproliferative activity of carotenoid pigments produced by extremophile bacteria. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:4638-4642. [PMID: 31809588 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1698574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Various microorganisms are able to synthesize pigments, which usually present antioxidant properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of bacterial pigments against cancer cells Neuro-2a, Saos-2 and MCF-7. Pigments were obtained from Deinococcus sp. UDEC-P1 and Arthrobacter sp. UDEC-A13. Both bacterial strains were isolated from cold environments (Patagonia and Antarctica, respectively). Pigments were purified and analyzed by HPLC. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. Deinoxanthin carotenoid obtained from Deinococcus sp. UDEC-P1 was able to reduce significatively the viability of Saos-2 (37.1%), while no effect was observed against MCF-7 and Neuro-2a. Pigments obtained from Arthrobacter sp. UDEC-A13 showed a significant viability reduction of three tumour cells (20.6% Neuro-2a, 26.3% Saos-2 and 13.2% MCF-7). Therefore, carotenoid pigments produced by extremophilic bacteria Deinococcus sp. UDEC-P1 and Arthrobacter sp. UDEC-A13 could be proposed as novel complementary compounds in anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Tapia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Bárbara López
- Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Sur-Austral COPAS Program, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Allisson Astuya
- Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Sur-Austral COPAS Program, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - José Becerra
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Concetta Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Research Center for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Boris Parra
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Miguel Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile
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Leuko S, Bohmeier M, Hanke F, Böettger U, Rabbow E, Parpart A, Rettberg P, de Vera JPP. On the Stability of Deinoxanthin Exposed to Mars Conditions during a Long-Term Space Mission and Implications for Biomarker Detection on Other Planets. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1680. [PMID: 28966605 PMCID: PMC5605620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer space, the final frontier, is a hostile and unforgiving place for any form of life as we know it. The unique environment of space allows for a close simulation of Mars surface conditions that cannot be simulated as accurately on the Earth. For this experiment, we tested the resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans to survive exposure to simulated Mars-like conditions in low-Earth orbit for a prolonged period of time as part of the Biology and Mars experiment (BIOMEX) project. Special focus was placed on the integrity of the carotenoid deinoxanthin, which may serve as a potential biomarker to search for remnants of life on other planets. Survival was investigated by evaluating colony forming units, damage inflicted to the 16S rRNA gene by quantitative PCR, and the integrity and detectability of deinoxanthin by Raman spectroscopy. Exposure to space conditions had a strong detrimental effect on the survival of the strains and the 16S rRNA integrity, yet results show that deinoxanthin survives exposure to conditions as they prevail on Mars. Solar radiation is not only strongly detrimental to the survival and 16S rRNA integrity but also to the Raman signal of deinoxanthin. Samples not exposed to solar radiation showed only minuscule signs of deterioration. To test whether deinoxanthin is able to withstand the tested parameters without the protection of the cell, it was extracted from cell homogenate and exposed to high/low temperatures, vacuum, germicidal UV-C radiation, and simulated solar radiation. Results obtained by Raman investigations showed a strong resistance of deinoxanthin against outer space and Mars conditions, with the only exception of the exposure to simulated solar radiation. Therefore, deinoxanthin proved to be a suitable easily detectable biomarker for the search of Earth-like organic pigment-containing life on other planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Leuko
- German Aerospace Center, Research Group "Astrobiology", Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace MedicineKöln, Germany
| | - Maria Bohmeier
- German Aerospace Center, Research Group "Astrobiology", Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace MedicineKöln, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanke
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Optical Sensor SystemsBerlin, Germany
| | - Ute Böettger
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Optical Sensor SystemsBerlin, Germany
| | - Elke Rabbow
- German Aerospace Center, Research Group "Astrobiology", Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace MedicineKöln, Germany
| | - Andre Parpart
- German Aerospace Center, Research Group "Astrobiology", Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace MedicineKöln, Germany
| | - Petra Rettberg
- German Aerospace Center, Research Group "Astrobiology", Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace MedicineKöln, Germany
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Farci D, Slavov C, Tramontano E, Piano D. The S-layer Protein DR_2577 Binds Deinoxanthin and under Desiccation Conditions Protects against UV-Radiation in Deinococcus radiodurans. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:155. [PMID: 26909071 PMCID: PMC4754619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans has the puzzling ability to withstand over a broad range of extreme conditions including high doses of ultraviolet radiation and deep desiccation. This bacterium is surrounded by a surface layer (S-layer) built of a regular repetition of several proteins, assembled to form a paracrystalline structure. Here we report that the deletion of a main constituent of this S-layer, the gene DR_2577, causes a decrease in the UVC resistance, especially in desiccated cells. Moreover, we show that the DR_2577 protein binds the carotenoid deinoxanthin, a strong protective antioxidant specific of this bacterium. A further spectroscopical characterization of the deinoxanthin-DR_2577 complex revealed features which could suggest a protective role of DR_2577. We propose that, especially under desiccation, the S-layer shields the bacterium from incident ultraviolet light and could behave as a first lane of defense against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy; International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
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Liu C, Sun Z, Shen S, Lin L, Li T, Tian B, Hua Y. Identification and characterization of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Deinococcus radiodurans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:219-24. [PMID: 24151908 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deinococcus radiodurans strain R1 utilizes multiple antioxidants including a unique carotenoid, deinoxanthin, to fight again oxidative stress. Most of the enzymes involved in the deinoxanthin biosynthetic pathway have been identified. However, the enzyme catalysing the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which is a precursor of carotenoid biosynthesis, has yet to be identified. Two putative isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IPPS) homologues (DR1395 and DR932) were screened out by analysis of conserved amino acid regions, and their biochemical functions were investigated. Gene mutation, gene expression in Escherichia coli and analysis of carotenoid products were used to investigate the functions of these candidates. The results suggested that DR1395 encodes the protein for GGPP synthesis. Site-directed mutant analysis indicated that the amino acid composition of and around the first aspartate-rich motif is vital for GGPP synthase function. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Deinococcus radiodurans strain R1 produces a unique carotenoid product, deinoxanthin, as an antioxidant. In this study, DR1395 was identified as the gene encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) for entrance to deinoxanthin biosynthesis in D. radiodurans. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis studies on DR1395 identified the effect of amino acid composition of the aspartate-rich motif on the production of this carotenoid. This study demonstrated the entrance step in the deinoxanthin biosynthetic pathway. These results can be useful in genetic engineering strategies for deinoxanthin production including enhancement of GGPPS gene expression in D. radiodurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ji HF. Insight into the strong antioxidant activity of deinoxanthin, a unique carotenoid in Deinococcus radiodurans. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4506-10. [PMID: 21151452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinoxanthin (DX) is a unique carotenoid synthesized by Deinococcus radiodurans, one of the most radioresistant organisms known. In comparison with other carotenoids, DX was proven to exhibit significantly stronger reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity, which plays an important role in the radioresistance of D. radiodurans. In this work, to gain deeper insights into the strong antioxidant activity of DX, the parameters characterizing ROS-scavenging potential were calculated by means of quantum chemical calculations. It was found that DX possesses lower lowest triplet excitation energy for its unique structure than other carotenoids, such as β-carotene and zeaxanthin, which endows DX strong potential in the energy transfer-based ROS-scavenging process. Moreover, the H-atom donating potential of DX is similar to zeaxanthin according to the theoretical homolytic O-H bond dissociation enthalpy. Thus, the large number of conjugated double bonds should be crucial for its strong antioxidant activity.
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