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Raj JS, Suganthy J, Peace BST, Backianathan S, Singh IRR, Karuppusami R, Christudass CS, Solomon R. Evaluation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage Using Neutral Comet Assay for High Radiation Doses: A Feasibility Study. J Med Phys 2023; 48:146-153. [PMID: 37576089 PMCID: PMC10419747 DOI: 10.4103/jmp.jmp_25_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to investigate the use of the neutral comet assay to assess deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in lymphocytes exposed to high doses of radiation. Materials and Methods The research was conducted by obtaining informed consent, after which blood samples were taken from seven healthy individuals and this study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. At first, for the determination of dose-effect curves, samples obtained from the first five individuals were irradiated for doses ranging from 0 to 35 Gy after which they were processed under neutral comet assay. In order to verify the determined dose-effect curves, a test dose of 15 Gy was delivered to the samples obtained from the sixth and seventh individuals. The amount of DNA damage from the obtained comet assay images was analyzed using four comet assay parameters namely % tail DNA, tail length, tail moment (TM), and Olive TM (OTM). The most suitable comet assay parameter was evaluated based on the obtained dose-effect curves. Furthermore, the distribution of individual cells for each dose point was evaluated for all the four comet assay parameters to find the optimal parameter. Results From our results, it was found that from 0 to 25 Gy all the four comet assay parameters fit well into a linear quadratic curve and above 25 Gy saturation was observed. Based on the individual cell distribution data, it was found that % tail DNA could be an optimal choice to evaluate DNA damage while using neutral comet assay for high-dose ionizing radiation. Conclusion The neutral comet assay could be a potential tool to assess DNA damage from high doses of ionizing radiation greater than 5 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Solomon Raj
- Department of Radiotherapy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Suganthy
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. S. Timothy Peace
- Department of Radiotherapy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - I. Rabi Raja Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reka Karuppusami
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Raja Solomon
- Department of Neurochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Celarain N, Tomas-Roig J. Changes in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methylation Contribute to the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Genet 2019; 10:1138. [PMID: 31798633 PMCID: PMC6874160 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by loss of coordination, weakness, dysfunctions in bladder capacity, bowel movement, and cognitive impairment. Thus, the disease leads to a significant socioeconomic burden. In the pathophysiology of the disease, both genetic and environmental risk factors are involved. Gene x environment interaction is modulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics refers to a sophisticated system that regulates gene expression with no changes in the DNA sequence. The most studied epigenetic mechanism is the DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize the data available from the current literature by grouping sets of differentially methylated genes in distinct biological categories: the immune system including innate and adaptive response, the DNA damage, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Celarain
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (UNIEM), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tomas-Roig
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (UNIEM), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
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Srivastava RK, Traylor AM, Li C, Feng W, Guo L, Antony VB, Schoeb TR, Agarwal A, Athar M. Cutaneous exposure to lewisite causes acute kidney injury by invoking DNA damage and autophagic response. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F1166-F1176. [PMID: 29361668 PMCID: PMC6032074 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00277.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewisite (2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine) is an organic arsenical chemical warfare agent that was developed and weaponized during World Wars I/II. Stockpiles of lewisite still exist in many parts of the world and pose potential environmental and human health threat. Exposure to lewisite and similar chemicals causes intense cutaneous inflammatory response. However, morbidity and mortality in the exposed population is not only the result of cutaneous damage but is also a result of systemic injury. Here, we provide data delineating the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cutaneous exposure to lewisite and its analog phenylarsine oxide (PAO) in a murine model. Both agents caused renal tubular injury, characterized by loss of brush border in proximal tubules and tubular cell apoptosis accompanied by increases in serum creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule-1. Interestingly, lewisite exposure enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney and resulted in the activation of autophagic and DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathways with increased expression of beclin-1, autophagy-related gene 7, and LC-3A/B-II and increased phosphorylation of γ-H2A.X and checkpoint kinase 1/2, respectively. Terminal deoxyribonucleotide-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells were detected in renal tubules along with enhanced proapoptotic BAX/cleaved caspase-3 and reduced antiapoptotic BCL2. Scavenging ROS by cutaneous postexposure application of the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine reduced lewisite-induced autophagy and DNA damage. In summary, we provide evidence that topical exposure to lewisite causes AKI. The molecular mechanism underlying these changes involves ROS-dependent activation of autophagy and DDR pathway associated with the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amie M Traylor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wenguang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lingling Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Etebari M, Jafarian-Dehkordi A, Kahookar A, Moradi S. Assessment of the deoxyribonucleic acid damage caused by occupational exposure to chemical compounds in Isfahan Polyacryl Company. J Res Med Sci 2014; 19:542-8. [PMID: 25197297 PMCID: PMC4155710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical pollutants found in industrial environments can cause chronic genotoxicity in vulnerable individuals during the long-term exposure. The primary purpose of the present study was to assess the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage caused by occupational exposure to industrial chemicals and secondary purpose is to investigate the effect of possible risk factors of genotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The blood samples of the workers of Isfahan Polyacryl Company were evaluated in terms of genotoxicity using the comet assay method. The percentage of DNA in the tail and tail moment were measured and DNA damage was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of age, smoking, duration of working in the company and working in two parts of the company on the degree of vulnerability to genotoxicity was assessed. RESULTS The amount of DNA damage in the target group (the production line workers) was significantly higher than the control group (the staffs), 3.87 versus 1.52 as tail moment, (P < 0.0001). DNA damage was significantly higher in smoker groups compared with non-smoker target group and control group, 4.18 versus 3.07 and 1.52 respectively as tail moment, (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, it was higher in person working in two different parts of the company compared to those work in one part and control group, 4.63 versus 3.74 and 1.52 respectively as tail moment, (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Occupational exposure to Polyacryl caused DNA damage. Smoking and working in two parts of the company may have a significant role in DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Etebari
- Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Prof. Mahmoud Etebari, Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Abbas Jafarian-Dehkordi
- Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Kahookar
- Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahla Moradi
- Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Li D, Cao W. Role of intracellular calcium and NADPH oxidase NOX5-S in acid-induced DNA damage in Barrett's cells and Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G863-72. [PMID: 24699332 PMCID: PMC4024726 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00321.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms whereby acid reflux may accelerate the progression from Barrett's esophagus (BE) to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) are not fully understood. Acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to cause DNA damage in Barrett's cells. We have previously shown that NADPH oxidase NOX5-S is responsible for acid-induced H2O2 production in Barrett's cells and in EA cells. In this study we examined the role of intracellular calcium and NADPH oxidase NOX5-S in acid-induced DNA damage in a Barrett's EA cell line FLO and a Barrett's cell line CP-A. We found that pulsed acid treatment significantly increased tail moment in FLO and CP-A cells and histone H2AX phosphorylation in FLO cells. In addition, acid treatment significantly increased intracellular Ca(2+) in FLO cells, an increase that is blocked by Ca(2+)-free medium with EGTA and thapsigargin. Acid-induced increase in tail moment was significantly decreased by NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium in FLO cells, and by blockade of intracellular Ca(2+) increase or knockdown of NOX5-S with NOX5 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) in FLO and CP-A cells. Acid-induced increase in histone H2AX phosphorylation was significantly decreased by NOX5 siRNA in FLO cells. Conversely, overexpression of NOX5-S significantly increased tail moment and histone H2AX phosphorylation in FLO cells. We conclude that pulsed acid treatment causes DNA damage via increase of intracellular calcium and activation of NOX5-S. It is possible that in BE acid reflux increases intracellular calcium, activates NOX5-S, and increases ROS production, which causes DNA damage, thereby contributing to the progression from BE to EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Weibiao Cao
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Ramamurthy S, Chand P, Chaturvedula L, Rao KR. Deoxyribonucleic acid damage study in primary amenorrhea by comet assay and karyotyping. Indian J Hum Genet 2014; 19:397-402. [PMID: 24497702 PMCID: PMC3897132 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.124363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM: This study aims at evaluating the chromosomal abnormalities and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in cases with primary amenorrhea by karyotyping and comet assay. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 30 cases of primary amenorrhea were recruited. Secondary sexual characters were assessed by Tanner staging. Chromosomal analysis was performed by conventional phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocyte cell culture technique. Alkaline version of comet assay was used to evaluate DNA damage. RESULTS: The chromosomal pattern of 20 subjects (66.7%) was found to be normal (46,XX). Two subjects had 46,XY pattern and eight subjects had Turner syndrome (45,X or 45,X/46,XX). The comet parameters were found to be increased among subjects with 45,X monosomy, when compared to the rest of the study group and also in subjects with Tanner stage 1 when compared to stage 2. CONCLUSION: Comet assay revealed increased DNA damage in cases with 45,X monosomy, compared with subjects with 46,XX and 46,XY karyotype, which correlated with clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ramamurthy
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Parkash Chand
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Latha Chaturvedula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - K Ramachandra Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Deshmukh PS, Megha K, Banerjee BD, Ahmed RS, Chandna S, Abegaonkar MP, Tripathi AK. Detection of Low Level Microwave Radiation Induced Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage Vis-à-vis Genotoxicity in Brain of Fischer Rats. Toxicol Int 2013; 20:19-24. [PMID: 23833433 PMCID: PMC3702122 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation has been increasingly used in industry, commerce, medicine and especially in mobile phone technology and has become a matter of serious concern in present time. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the possible deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damaging effects of low-level microwave radiation in brain of Fischer rats. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on male Fischer rats exposed to microwave radiation for 30 days at three different frequencies: 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz. Animals were divided into 4 groups: Group I (Sham exposed): Animals not exposed to microwave radiation but kept under same conditions as that of other groups, Group II: Animals exposed to microwave radiation at frequency 900 MHz at specific absorption rate (SAR) 5.953 × 10−4 W/kg, Group III: Animals exposed to 1800 MHz at SAR 5.835 × 10−4 W/kg and Group IV: Animals exposed to 2450 MHz at SAR 6.672 × 10−4 W/kg. At the end of the exposure period animals were sacrificed immediately and DNA damage in brain tissue was assessed using alkaline comet assay. Results: In the present study, we demonstrated DNA damaging effects of low level microwave radiation in brain. Conclusion: We concluded that low SAR microwave radiation exposure at these frequencies may induce DNA strand breaks in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Suryakantrao Deshmukh
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, New Delhi, India
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Behravan E, Moallem SA, Khateri S, Maraghi E, Jowsey P, Blain PG, Balali-Mood M. Deoxyribonucleic acid damage in Iranian veterans 25 years after wartime exposure to sulfur mustard. J Res Med Sci 2013; 18:239-44. [PMID: 23930123 PMCID: PMC3732907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 100,000 Iranian veterans and civilians still suffer from various long-term complications due to their exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) during the Iran-Iraq war in 1983-88. The aim of the study was to investigate DNA damage of SM in veterans who were exposed to SM, 23-27 years prior to this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were obtained from the veterans and healthy volunteers as negative controls. Lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples and DNA breaks were measured using single-cell microgel electrophoresis technique under alkaline conditions (comet assay). Single cells were analyzed with "Tri Tek Comet Score version 1.5" software and DNA break was measured based on the percentage of tail DNA alone, or in the presence of H2O2 (25 μM) as a positive control. RESULTS A total of 25 SM exposed male veterans and 25 male healthy volunteers with similar ages (44.66 ± 6.2 and 42.12 ± 5.75 years, respectively) were studied. Percentage of the lymphocyte DNA damage was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the SM-exposed individuals than in the controls (6.47 ± 0.52 and 1.31 ± 0.35, respectively). Percentages of DNA damage in the different age groups of 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, and 50-54 years in SM-exposed veterans (5.48 ± 0.17, 6.7 3 ± 1.58, 6.42 ± 0.22, and 7.27 ± 0.38, respectively) were all significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the controls (1.18 ± 0.25, 1.53 ± 0.22, 1.27 ± 0.20, and 1.42 ± 0.10, respectively). The lymphocytes incubated with H2O2 had much higher DNA damage as expected. The average of tail DNA is 42.12 ± 2.75% for control cells + H2O2 and 18.48 ± 2.14% for patients cells + H2O2; P < 0.001. CONCLUSION SM exposure of the veterans revealed DNA damage as judged by the comet assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Behravan
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad, Iran,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahriar Khateri
- Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center, Janbazan foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Maraghi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul Jowsey
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran,Address for correspondence: Prof. Mahdi Balali-Mood, Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779-48564, Iran. E-mail:
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