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Ali A, Ali A, Abaluof H, Al-Sharu WN, Saraereh OA, Ware A. Moisture Detection in Tree Trunks in Semiarid Lands Using Low-Cost Non-Invasive Capacitive Sensors with Statistical Based Anomaly Detection Approach. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2100. [PMID: 36850697 PMCID: PMC9965999 DOI: 10.3390/s23042100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on building a non-invasive, low-cost sensor that can be fitted over tree trunks growing in a semiarid land environment. It also proposes a new definition that characterizes tree trunks' water retention capabilities mathematically. The designed sensor measures the variations in capacitance across its probes. It uses amplification and filter stages to smooth the readings, requires little power, and is operational over a 100 kHz frequency. The sensor sends data via a Long Range (LoRa) transceiver through a gateway to a processing unit. Field experiments showed that the system provides accurate readings of the moisture content. As the sensors are non-invasive, they can be fitted to branches and trunks of various sizes without altering the structure of the wood tissue. Results show that the moisture content in tree trunks increases exponentially with respect to the measured capacitance and reflects the distinct differences between different tree types. Data of known healthy trees and unhealthy trees and defective sensor readings have been collected and analysed statistically to show how anomalies in sensor reading baseds on eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the fitted curve coefficient matrix can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ali
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Computer Systems Institute, 529 Main Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Wafaa N. Al-Sharu
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Omar A. Saraereh
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Andrew Ware
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
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Saxena A, Tsakonas C, Chappell D, Cheung CS, Edwards AMJ, Liang H, Sage IC, Brown CV. Static and Dynamic Optical Analysis of Micro Wrinkle Formation on a Liquid Surface. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12121583. [PMID: 34945433 PMCID: PMC8704472 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A spatially periodic voltage was used to create a dielectrophoresis induced periodic micro wrinkle deformation on the surface of a liquid film. Optical Coherence Tomography provided the equilibrium wrinkle profile at submicron accuracy. The dynamic wrinkle amplitude was derived from optical diffraction analysis during sub-millisecond wrinkle formation and decay, after abruptly increasing or reducing the voltage, respectively. The decay time constant closely followed the film thickness dependence expected for surface tension driven viscous levelling. Modelling of the system using numerical solution of the Stokes flow equations with electrostatic forcing predicted that wrinkle formation was faster than decay, in accord with observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antariksh Saxena
- SOFT Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (A.S.); (C.T.); (D.C.); (A.M.J.E.); (I.C.S.)
| | - Costas Tsakonas
- SOFT Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (A.S.); (C.T.); (D.C.); (A.M.J.E.); (I.C.S.)
| | - David Chappell
- SOFT Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (A.S.); (C.T.); (D.C.); (A.M.J.E.); (I.C.S.)
| | - Chi Shing Cheung
- Imaging & Sensing for Archaeology, Art History & Conservation (ISAAC) Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Andrew Michael John Edwards
- SOFT Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (A.S.); (C.T.); (D.C.); (A.M.J.E.); (I.C.S.)
| | - Haida Liang
- Imaging & Sensing for Archaeology, Art History & Conservation (ISAAC) Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Ian Charles Sage
- SOFT Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (A.S.); (C.T.); (D.C.); (A.M.J.E.); (I.C.S.)
| | - Carl Vernon Brown
- SOFT Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (A.S.); (C.T.); (D.C.); (A.M.J.E.); (I.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Shi Z, Xia SY. First-Principle Study of Rh-Doped Nitrogen Vacancy Boron Nitride Monolayer for Scavenging and Detecting SF 6 Decomposition Products. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3507. [PMID: 34685266 PMCID: PMC8541247 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenging and detection of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) decomposition products (SO2, H2S, SO2F2, SOF2) critically matters to the stable and safe operation of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) equipment. In this paper, the Rh-doped nitrogen vacancy boron nitride monolayer (Rh-VNBN) is proposed as a gas scavenger and sensor for the above products. The computational processes are applied to investigate the configurations, adsorption and sensing processes, and electronic properties in the gas/Rh-VNBN systems based on the first-principle calculations. The binding energy (Eb) of the Rh-VNBN reaches -8.437 eV, while the adsorption energy (Ead) and band gap (BG) indicate that Rh-VNBN exhibits outstanding adsorption and sensing capabilities. The density of state (DOS) analysis further explains the mechanisms of adsorption and sensing, demonstrating the potential use of Rh-VNBN in sensors and scavengers of SF6 decomposition products. This study is meaningful as it explores new gas scavengers and sensors of SF6 decomposition products to allow the operational status assessment of GIS equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
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Khan A, Savi P, Quaranta S, Rovere M, Giorcelli M, Tagliaferro A, Rosso C, Jia CQ. Low-Cost Carbon Fillers to Improve Mechanical Properties and Conductivity of Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E642. [PMID: 30965942 PMCID: PMC6418987 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, low-cost carbons derived from recycled materials have been gaining attention for their potentials as filler in composites and in other applications. The electrical and mechanical properties of polymer composites can be tuned using different percentages and different kind of fillers: either low-cost (e.g., carbon black), ecofriendly (e.g., biochar), or sophisticated (e.g., carbon nanotubes). In this work, the mechanical and electrical behavior of composites with biochar and multiwall carbon nanotubes dispersed in epoxy resin are compared. Superior mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, strain at break) were noticed at low heat-treated biochar (concentrations 2⁻4 wt %). Furthermore, dielectric properties in the microwave range comparable to low carbon nanotubes loadings can be achieved by employing larger but manageable amounts of biochar (20 wt %), rending the production of composites for structural and functional application cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Khan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Savi
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Simone Quaranta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
| | - Massimo Rovere
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Mauro Giorcelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Carlo Rosso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Charles Q Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Jia M, Li Y, He C, Huang X. Soluble Perfluorocyclobutyl Aryl Ether-Based Polyimide for High-Performance Dielectric Material. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:26352-26358. [PMID: 27618398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High durability of low-k value is a desired property for dielectrics serving under humid conditions, because absorbing a small amount of moisture by the material can considerably increase the k value so as to result in function deterioration. Aiming to develop a dielectric polymer with superior durability of low-k value and high thermal stability, a perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) biphenyl ether-based polyimide, PFCBBPPI, was synthesized. This polymer possesses a Tg of 310.3 °C and a 5% weight loss temperature of 510.5 °C. PFCBBBPPI exhibited an extremely low water uptake of 0.065 ± 0.018%, representing the best water resistance in polyimides. The increasing percentage in k value was below 2% for PFCBBPPI film exposed to moisture under various humidity conditions for 6 h. PFCBBPPI film equilibrated at 75% R.H. for 2 weeks still kept its k value below 2.50, remarkably outperforming the Kapton film. The remarkable water resistance and resulting high durability of low-k property displayed by PFCBBPPI are originated from the hydrophobic nature and small free volume fraction of the polymer, as confirmed by contact angle test and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy results. The outstanding moisture resistance and overall performance of PFCBBPPI make it a suitable candidate for dielectric applications under both dry and humid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqing He
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid State Physics of Hubei Province, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , 16 Luojiashan Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Baldwin AF, Ma R, Mannodi-Kanakkithodi A, Huan TD, Wang C, Tefferi M, Marszalek JE, Cakmak M, Cao Y, Ramprasad R, Sotzing GA. Poly(dimethyltin glutarate) as a prospective material for high dielectric applications. Adv Mater 2015; 27:346-351. [PMID: 25420940 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(dimethyltin glutarate) is presented as the first organometallic polymer, a high dielectric constant, and low dielectric loss material. Theoretical results correspond well in terms of the dielectric constant. More importantly, the dielectric constant can be tuned depending on the solvent a film of the polymer is cast from. The breakdown strength is increased through blending with a second organometallic polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Baldwin
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
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