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Pires NA, Gonçalves De Oliveira ML, Gonçalves JA, Faria AF. Multiclass Analytical Method for Pesticide and Mycotoxin Analysis in Malt, Brewers' Spent Grain, and Beer: Development, Validation, and Application. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:4533-4541. [PMID: 33847116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A multiclass analytical method to determine pesticides and mycotoxins in beer-related matrices based on the dilute and shoot approach was optimized and validated according to the European guidelines SANTE/12682/2019 and EC/401/2006. Extraction used acidified acetonitrile at 1% (v/v) acetic acid, followed by horizontal shaking homogenization, centrifugation, freeze-out step for cleanup, another centrifugation, and injection into a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. Linearity, detection and quantification limits, accuracy, and measurement uncertainty were evaluated, and 201, 184, and 176 analytes were validated for malt, beer, and brewers' spent grain, respectively. The limits of quantification ranged between 1 and 200 μg kg-1 and between 5 and 1000 μg kg-1 for beer and malt, respectively, and expanded uncertainties ranged between 9.7 and 50%, meeting the legislation requirements. A total of 40 samples have been analyzed thus far, and 36 of them exhibited the presence of some of the analyzed substances. The validated method is reliable and easy to apply for mycotoxin and pesticide determination in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilsrael Alves Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
- Federal Laboratory of Agricultural Defense of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Avenida Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mauro Lucio Gonçalves De Oliveira
- Federal Laboratory of Agricultural Defense of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Avenida Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 33600-000, Brazil
| | - José Ailton Gonçalves
- Federal Laboratory of Agricultural Defense of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Avenida Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ferreira Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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Mainero Rocca L, L’Episcopo N, Gordiani A, Vitali M, Staderini A. A ' Dilute and Shoot' Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Multiclass Drug Analysis in Pre-Cut Dried Blood Spots. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3068. [PMID: 33809736 PMCID: PMC8002310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drugs able to affect the auditory and nervous systems and consumed by workers to treatdifferent pathologies can represent a possible source of risk in the work environment. All the target compounds involved in the presented project show ototoxic and/or narcoleptic side effects and, for these reasons, occupational safety organizations have recognized them as potential causes of work injuries. A multiclass method for the analysis of 15 drugs among the most widespread worldwide (belonging to nine different classes including antihistamines, beta-blockers, antidepressants, Z-drugs and opioids), was developed and validated. This study describes a rapid, sensitive and effective method to analyse these substances in whole blood using tailored pre-cut dried blood spots. Detection was achieved with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer after an easy and simple 'dilute and shoot' solubilisation followed by an UPLC separation. All the issues linked to the use of the dried blood spots and whole blood, such as haematocrit variability, volumetric evaluation and sample carrier choice were carefully studied and managed during method development. From the validation study results it emerged that this approach can be deemed successful thanks to its few pg µL-1 LOQs, good linear intervals, absolute recoveries of no less than 75%, an almost negligible matrix effect and accuracy and precision in line with the European and American guidelines for validation. All the obtained goals have been specifically pursued in order to encourage method diffusion as a primary prevention intervention, even in small private workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mainero Rocca
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Nunziata L’Episcopo
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Staderini
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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Tölgyesi Á, Farkas T, Bálint M, McDonald TJ, Sharma VK. A Dilute and Shoot Strategy for Determining Alternaria Toxins in Tomato-Based Samples and in Different Flours Using LC-IDMS Separation. Molecules 2021; 26:1017. [PMID: 33671906 PMCID: PMC7918963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria toxins are emerging mycotoxins whose regulation and standardization are in progress by the European Commission and the European Committee for Standardization. This paper describes a dilute and shoot approach to determine five Alternaria toxins in selected food samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The strategy involves sample extraction with acidified aqueous methanol, followed by a solvent change accomplished via sample evaporation and reconstitution. The quantification is based on isotope dilution, applying all corresponding isotopically labeled internal standards to compensate possible matrix effects of the analysis. The main advantages of the present method over other existing methods includes simple and effective sample preparation, as well as detection with high sensitivity. The five-fold sample dilution can decrease matrix effects, which were evaluated with both external and internal standard methods. The results demonstrated a limit of quantification lower than 1.0 µg/kg for all five analytes for the first time. The newly presented method showed acceptable accuracy (52.7-111%) when analyzing naturally contaminated and spiked standard samples at the described levels. The method was validated for tomato-based and flour samples (wheat, rye, and maize). The absolute recovery ranged from 66.7% to 91.6% (RSD < 10%). The developed method could be an alternative approach for those laboratories that exclude sample cleanup and pre-concentration of state-of-the-art instruments with enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Tölgyesi
- Bálint Analitika Ltd., Fehérvári út 144, 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (T.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Tamás Farkas
- Bálint Analitika Ltd., Fehérvári út 144, 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (T.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Mária Bálint
- Bálint Analitika Ltd., Fehérvári út 144, 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (T.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Thomas J. McDonald
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Jung YK, You SY, Kim SY, Kim JY, Paeng KJ. Simultaneous Determination of Etomidate and Its Major Metabolite, Etomidate Acid, in Urine Using Dilute and Shoot Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244459. [PMID: 31817432 PMCID: PMC6943581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Etomidate (ET) is a commonly used sedative-hypnotic agent such as propofol to induce anesthesia, and it is rapidly metabolized to etomidate acid (ETA) in liver. Herein, a simple method to determine ET and ETA in urine simultaneously was developed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). A simple sample preparation method reduced the total analysis time. For all analytes, the separation was achieved in 6.5 min using reversed-phase chromatography with gradient elution. The best separation and detection of ETA was achieved using a porous graphitic carbon column. The column temperature was maintained at 30 °C to improve the efficiency and sensitivity. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 0.4–120.0 ng/mL (ET) and 1.0–300.0 ng/mL (ETA), obtained with a weighting factor of 1/x2. The coefficients of determination (r2) were greater than 0.9958. The lower limits of quantification were 0.4 ng/mL (ET) and 1.0 ng/mL (ETA), intra-day (n = 6) and inter-day (n = 24) precision values for all compounds were less than 10.2% and 8.4%, respectively, while the intra- and inter-day accuracies were in the −9.9–2.9%, and −7.0–0.6%. The applicability of the method was examined by analyzing the urine samples obtained from ET users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kyung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (Y.-K.J.); (S.Y.Y.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Soo Young You
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (Y.-K.J.); (S.Y.Y.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Seon-Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (Y.-K.J.); (S.Y.Y.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Korea;
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Korea;
| | - Ki-Jung Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (Y.-K.J.); (S.Y.Y.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-760-2386; Fax: +82-33-760-2181
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