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Newton E, Ersoy D, Rodriguez E, Lamb BK. Development of Company-Specific Emission Factors with Confidence Intervals for Natural Gas Customer Meters in Southern California. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6954-6963. [PMID: 38576415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Methane is both a significant and short-lived greenhouse gas compared to CO2, and reducing methane emissions from natural gas distribution systems may offer cost-effective reduction opportunities. We report substantial new direct leak rate measurements from customer meter set assemblies (MSAs) in Southern California. In a novel way, emission factors are defined in terms of aboveground Hazardous and Nonhazardous leak categories, which take direct advantage of readily available industry leak data. We also studied leaks that were not detected as part of normal leak survey procedures. As a result, this yields company-specific emission factors that can be used to track progress in reducing methane emissions. This approach also has the advantage of explicitly accounting for the skewed or fat-tail distribution of leak rates by treating high flow rate MSA leaks separately from low flow rate MSA leaks. The Southern California Gas (SoCalGas) methane emission factors, based on 485 leak rate measurements by direct enclosure, were 4.55 (95% confidence interval: 2.32 to 7.14) kg/day for Hazardous leaks, 0.149 (0.119 to 0.183) kg/day for Nonhazardous leaks, and 0.0039 (0.0003 to 0.0198) kg/day for Non-Detected leaks. The percentage of surveyed meters with nondetected leaks was 29.1% (24.3 to 34.6%). Based on a robust Monte Carlo analysis, total leak emissions from MSAs for the SoCalGas system were reduced by 35% based on data from 2015 to 2022. These reductions were attributed to surveying a larger number of MSAs and accelerated leak repair rates. In traditional population-based emission inventories, an individual emission factor for a given asset category is multiplied by the total population of MSAs within the category. This approach simply cannot capture the reduction in leak numbers and methane emissions resulting from leak mitigation and prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Newton
- Southern California Gas Company, 8101 S. Rosemead Blvd, Pico Rivera, California 90660, United States
| | - Daniel Ersoy
- Element Resources, LLC, Princeville, Hawaii 96722, United States
| | - Erik Rodriguez
- Southern California Gas Company, 8101 S. Rosemead Blvd, Pico Rivera, California 90660, United States
| | - Brian K Lamb
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Waegenaar F, García-Timermans C, Van Landuyt J, De Gusseme B, Boon N. Impact of operational conditions on drinking water biofilm dynamics and coliform invasion potential. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0004224. [PMID: 38647288 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00042-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms within drinking water distribution systems serve as a habitat for drinking water microorganisms. However, biofilms can negatively impact drinking water quality by causing water discoloration and deterioration and can be a reservoir for unwanted microorganisms. In this study, we investigated whether indicator organisms for drinking water quality, such as coliforms, can settle in mature drinking water biofilms. Therefore, a biofilm monitor consisting of glass rings was used to grow and sample drinking water biofilms. Two mature drinking water biofilms were characterized by flow cytometry, ATP measurements, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Biofilms developed under treated chlorinated surface water supply exhibited lower cell densities in comparison with biofilms resulting from treated groundwater. Overall, the phenotypic as well as the genotypic characteristics were significantly different between both biofilms. In addition, the response of the biofilm microbiome and possible biofilm detachment after minor water quality changes were investigated. Limited changes in pH and free chlorine addition, to simulate operational changes that are relevant for practice, were evaluated. It was shown that both biofilms remained resilient. Finally, mature biofilms were prone to invasion of the coliform, Serratia fonticola. After spiking low concentrations (i.e., ±100 cells/100 mL) of the coliform to the corresponding bulk water samples, the coliforms were able to attach and get established within the mature biofilms. These outcomes emphasize the need for continued research on biofilm detachment and its implications for water contamination in distribution networks. IMPORTANCE The revelation that even low concentrations of coliforms can infiltrate into mature drinking water biofilms highlights a potential public health concern. Nowadays, the measurement of coliform bacteria is used as an indicator for fecal contamination and to control the effectiveness of disinfection processes and the cleanliness and integrity of distribution systems. In Flanders (Belgium), 533 out of 18,840 measurements exceeded the established norm for the coliform indicator parameter in 2021; however, the source of microbial contamination is mostly unknown. Here, we showed that mature biofilms, are susceptible to invasion of Serratia fonticola. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding and managing biofilms in drinking water distribution systems, not only for their potential to influence water quality, but also for their role in harboring and potentially disseminating pathogens. Further research into biofilm detachment, long-term responses to operational changes, and pathogen persistence within biofilms is crucial to inform strategies for safeguarding drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien Waegenaar
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cristina García-Timermans
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Josefien Van Landuyt
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Gusseme
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium
- Farys, Department R&D - Innovation Water, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium
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Liu Y, Liu H, Croue JP, Liu C. CuO Promotes the Formation of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination via an Enhanced Oxidation Pathway. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19043-19053. [PMID: 37710978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that cupric oxide (CuO) can enhance the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids, and bromate during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. In this study, the impact of CuO on the formation kinetics and mechanisms of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination was investigated. CuO does not enhance the formation of DBPs (i.e., 1,1,1-trichloropropanone, chloroform, and trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL) /dichloroacetonitrile) during chlorination of acetone, 3-oxopentanedioic acid (3-OPA), and aspartic acid, respectively. This indicates that the halogen substitution pathway cannot be enhanced by CuO. Instead, CuO (0.1 g L-1) accelerates the second-order rate constants for reactions of chlorine (HOCl) with TCAL, citric acid, and oxalic acid at pH 8.0 and 21 °C from <0.1 to 29.4, 7.2, and 15.8 M-1 s-1, respectively. Oxidation pathway predominates based on the quantification of oxidation products (e.g., a trichloroacetic acid yield of ∼100% from TCAL) and kinetic modeling. CuO can enhance the formation of DBPs (e.g., THMs, haloacetaldehydes, and haloacetonitriles) during chlorination of model compounds and dissolved organic matter, of which both halogen substitution and oxidation pathways are required. Reaction rate constants of rate-limiting steps (e.g., citric acid to 3-OPA, aromatic ring cleavage) could be enhanced by CuO via an oxidation pathway since CuO-HOCl complex is more oxidative toward a range of substrates than HOCl in water. These findings provide novel insights into the DBP formation pathway in copper-containing distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Jean-Philippe Croue
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers 86073, France
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Santos ADS, Faria LT, Lopes MLM, Lotufo ADP, Minussi CR. Efficient Methodology for Detection and Classification of Short-Circuit Faults in Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9418. [PMID: 36502118 PMCID: PMC9736978 DOI: 10.3390/s22239418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fault detection and classification are crucial procedures for electric power distribution systems because they can minimize the occurrence of faults. The methods for fault detection and classification have become more problematic because of the significant expansion of distributed energy resources in distribution systems and the change in their currents due to the action of short-circuiting. In this context, to fill this gap, this study presents a robust methodology for short-circuit fault detection and classification with the insertion of distributed generation units. The proposal methodology progresses in two stages: in the former stage, the detection is based on the continuous analysis of three-phase currents, whose characteristics are extracted through maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform. In the latter stage, the classification is based on three fuzzy inference systems to identify the phases with disturbance. The short-circuit type is identified by counting the shorted phases. The algorithm for short-circuit fault detection and classification is developed in MATLAB programming environment. The methodology is implemented in a modified IEEE 34-bus test system and modeled in ATPDraw with three scenarios with and without distributed generation units and considering the following parameters: fault type (single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase), angle of incidence, fault resistance (high impedance fault and low impedance fault), fault location bus, and distributed generation units (synchronous generators and photovoltaic panels). The accuracy is greater than 94.9% for the detection and classification of short-circuit faults for more than 20,000 simulated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia da Silva Santos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Teles Faria
- Department of Energy Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19273-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara Lúcia M. Lopes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Diva P. Lotufo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Minussi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
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Junior RMG, Márquez-Sánchez S, Santos JH, de Almeida RMA, London Junior JBA, Rodríguez JMC. Validation of Embedded State Estimator Modules for Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems Using IoT Components. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:2104. [PMID: 35336275 PMCID: PMC8950640 DOI: 10.3390/s22062104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent theoretical studies demonstrate the advantages of using decentralized architectures over traditional centralized architectures for real-time Power Distribution Systems (PDSs) operation. These advantages include the reduction of the amount of data to be transmitted and processed when performing state estimation in PDSs. The main contribution of this paper is to provide lab validation of the advantages and feasibility of decentralized monitoring of PDSs. Therefore, this paper presents an advanced trial emulating realistic conditions and hardware setup. More specifically, the paper proposes: (i) The laboratory development and implementation of an Advanced Measurement Infrastructure (AMI) prototype to enable the simulation of a smart grid. To emulate the information traffic between smart meters and distribution operation centers, communication modules, that enable the use of wireless networks for sending messages in real-time, are used, bridging concepts from both IoT and Edge Computing. (ii) The laboratory development and implementation of a decentralized architecture based on Embedded State Estimator Modules (ESEMs) are carried out. ESEMs manage information from smart meters at lower voltage networks, performing real-time state estimation in PDSs. Simulations performed on a real PDS with 208 buses (considering both medium and low voltage buses) have met the aims of this paper. The results show that by using ESEMs in a decentralized architecture, both the data transit through the communication network, as well as the computational requirements involved in monitoring PDSs in real-time, are reduced considerably without any loss of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Márquez-Sánchez
- BISITE Research Group, Computer and Automation Department, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s/n. Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (J.H.S.); (J.M.C.R.)
- Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub (Spain), 37188 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jorge Herrera Santos
- BISITE Research Group, Computer and Automation Department, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s/n. Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (J.H.S.); (J.M.C.R.)
| | | | | | - Juan Manuel Corchado Rodríguez
- BISITE Research Group, Computer and Automation Department, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s/n. Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (J.H.S.); (J.M.C.R.)
- Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub (Spain), 37188 Salamanca, Spain
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Waters TE, Alexander MT, Wahman DG. Temperature impact on monochloramine, free ammonia, and free chlorine indophenol methods. Water Pract Technol 2021; 16:135-145. [PMID: 33747120 PMCID: PMC7970502 DOI: 10.2166/wpt.2020.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A commercial colorimetric indophenol (IP) method is used for determining monochloramine (NH2Cl) concentrations for process control in chloraminated public water systems and chloramine-related research. The NH2Cl - IP method excludes some quality control procedures typically included in drinking water methods and is not approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) for compliance monitoring. Therefore, the authors developed and validated a more complete NH2Cl-IP method, building on the commercial technique, as a candidate for future approval. During method development, temperature impact on color development was investigated. Color development time increased as temperature decreased. Below 20 °C, times needed for full color development were greater than those reported in the commercial method, reaching nearly three times longer at 5 °C. This observed temperature dependence also applies to free ammonia and free chlorine indophenol methods. To avoid measurement errors of samples analyzed below 20 °C, use of reaction times determined in this study is recommended for these indophenol methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Waters
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Management Division, Technical Support Center, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Matthew T. Alexander
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Management Division, Technical Support Center, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - David G. Wahman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, Drinking Water Management Branch, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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