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Tian RR, Li T, Zhang MX, Song TZ, Zheng HY, Zheng YT. Nonnegligible Contribution of Nonlymphoid Tissue to Viral Reservoir During the Short-Term Early cART in SIVmac239-Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024. [PMID: 38535626 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS cannot be cured because of the persistence of the viral reservoir. Because of the complexity of the cellular composition and structure of the human organs, HIV reservoirs of anatomical site are also complex. Recently, although a variety of molecules have been reported to be involved in the establishment and maintenance of the viral reservoirs, or as marker of latent cells, the research mainly focuses on blood and lymph nodes. Now, the characteristics of the viral reservoir in tissue are not yet fully understood. In this study, various tissues were collected from SIVmac239-infected monkeys, and the level of total SIV DNA, SIV 2-LTR DNA, and cell-associated virus RNA in them were compared with character of the anatomical viral reservoir under early treatment. The results showed that short-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) starting from 3 days after infection could significantly inhibit viremia and reduce the size of the anatomical viral reservoir, but it could not eradicate de novo infections and ongoing replication of virus. Moreover, the effects of early cART on the level of total SIV DNA, SIV 2-LTR DNA, and cell-associated virus RNA in different tissues were different, which changed the size distribution of viral reservoir in anatomical site. Finally, the contribution of nonlymphoid tissues, especially liver and lung, to the viral reservoir increased after treatment, while the contribution of intestinal lymphoid to the viral reservoir significantly reduced. These results suggested that early treatment effectively decreased the size of viral reservoir, and that the effects of cART on the tissue viral reservoir varied greatly by tissue type. The results implied that persistent existence of virus in nonlymphoid tissues after short-term treatment suggested that the role of nonlymphoid tissues cannot be ignored in development strategies for AIDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Resource Center for Nonhuman Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Leite TF, Delatorre E, Côrtes FH, Ferreira ACG, Cardoso SW, Grinsztejn B, de Andrade MM, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Guimarães ML. Reduction of HIV-1 Reservoir Size and Diversity After 1 Year of cART Among Brazilian Individuals Starting Treatment During Early Stages of Acute Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:145. [PMID: 30804915 PMCID: PMC6378917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of early combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) of HIV is to limit the seeding of the viral reservoir during the initial phase of infection and, consequently, decrease intrahost viral diversity. Here, we assessed the effect of early cART on size and complexity of the proviral reservoir. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and plasma samples were obtained from ten HIV-infected Brazilian individuals diagnosed at the acute phase of infection, before (PREART) and 12 months (M12ART) after suppressive cART. HIV proviral reservoir size was determined by quantitative real-time PCR; intrahost viral diversity of the env C2-V3 region was assessed by single genome amplification or next-generation sequencing in PBMC and plasma, respectively. Mean nucleotide diversity (π) and normalized Shannon entropy (HSN) were used to infer the complexity of the viral population. Compared to PREART, M12ART saw an immunological recovery with a gain of ∼200 CD4+ T cells (P = 0.008) and a normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio [1.0 (IQR: 0.88–1.18), P = 0.016], as well as a significant decrease in HIV-1 RNA (∼4 log, P = 0.004) and DNA (∼1 log, P = 0.002) levels. The median time to achieve viral suppression was 3 months (IQR: 2.8–5.8 months). The high intermixing between sequences from both visits suggests that the HIV-1 DNA reservoir remained remarkably stable under cART. After 1 year of cART, there was a minor reduction in proviral π (PreART = 0.20 vs. M12ART = 0.10; P = 0.156) but a significant decrease in HSN (PreART = 0.41 vs. M12ART = 0.25; P = 0.019). We found no correlation between π or HSN at PreART and the rate of HIV DNA decay, T CD4+ counts, or CD4/CD8 ratio at M12ART. Based on a small cohort of Brazilian infected individuals under early cART and analyses of the env region, 1 year of follow-up suggested a reservoir size reduction, allowed a significant decrease of HIV-1 complexity, and achieved immunological restoration regardless of the initial HIV-1 plasma viral load, CD4+ T cell counts, or HIV-1 subtype. However, further studies in the Brazilian setting aiming a longer follow-up and larger cohort are required in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaysse Ferreira Leite
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Heloise Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Garcia Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Wagner Cardoso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle Morata de Andrade
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdilea Gonçalves Veloso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariza Gonçalves Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gianesin K, Petrara R, Freguja R, Zanchetta M, Giaquinto C, De Rossi A. Host factors and early treatments to restrict paediatric HIV infection and early disease progression. J Virus Erad 2015; 1:140-7. [PMID: 27482405 PMCID: PMC4946731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A body of evidence indicates that a threshold level of the virus is required to establish systemic and persistent HIV infection in the host and that this level depends on virus-host interactions. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV is the main source of paediatric HIV infection and occurs when the host's immune system is still developing. Thus, innate resistance and immunity, rather than adaptive immune response, may be the main drivers in restricting the establishment of HIV reservoirs and the long-lived persistence of HIV infection in infants. Genetic variations in HIV co-receptors and their ligands, as well as in Toll-like receptors and defensins, key elements of innate immunity, have been demonstrated to influence the risk of perinatal HIV infection and disease progression in HIV-infected infants. Early treatments with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) restrict paediatric infection by reducing the level of the transmitted/infecting virus to below the threshold required for the onset of immune response to the virus and also significantly reduce HIV reservoirs. However, despite long periods with no signs and symptoms of HIV infection, all early cART-treated children who later discontinued cART had a rebound of HIV, except for one case in whom a period of viral remission occurred. Which parameters predict viral remission or viral rebound after cART discontinuation? Could early cART prevent rather than just reduce the establishment of viral reservoirs? And, if so, how? Answers to these questions are also important in order to optimise the use of early cART in infants at high risk of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Gianesin
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, AIDS Reference Center, Department of Oncology and Immunology,
University of Padua,
Italy
| | - Raffaella Petrara
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, AIDS Reference Center, Department of Oncology and Immunology,
University of Padua,
Italy,Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO)-IRCCS,
Aviano,
Italy
| | - Riccardo Freguja
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, AIDS Reference Center, Department of Oncology and Immunology,
University of Padua,
Italy,Penta Foundation,
Padua,
Italy
| | | | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Penta Foundation,
Padua,
Italy,Department of Mother and Child Health,
University of Padua,
Italy
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, AIDS Reference Center, Department of Oncology and Immunology,
University of Padua,
Italy,Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS,
Padua,
Italy,Corresponding author: Anita De Rossi,
Section of Oncology and Immunology, AIDS Reference Center, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology,
University of PaduaVia Gattamelata 64,
35128Padua,
Italy
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