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Liang Y, Liang J, Huang Q, Tian X, Shao L, Xia M, Liu Y. Knuckle Pads Successfully Treated with 2% Crisaborole Ointment Combined with Triamcinolone Acetonide and Neomycin Plaster: A Case Report. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1893-1897. [PMID: 37519943 PMCID: PMC10378600 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s414268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Knuckle pads (KPs) are benign hyperkeratotic fibrous thickening skin disorder characterized by nodules or plaques located on the extensor surface of the joints. However, there are no specific treatments for KPs so far. Here, we reported a case of KPs successfully treated with 2% crisaborole ointment combined with triamcinolone acetonide and neomycin plaster. This combined therapy might be a new therapeutic option for KPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Liang
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Liang
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiongxiao Huang
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Shao
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manqi Xia
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Sastow D, Tremblay D. Emerging Treatment Options for Myelofibrosis: Focus on Anemia. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2023; 19:535-547. [PMID: 37404252 PMCID: PMC10315142 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s386802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by abnormal proliferation of myeloid cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to progressive bone marrow dysfunction. The introduction of ruxolitinib just over a decade ago marked a significant advancement in MF therapy, with JAK inhibitors now being the first-line treatment for reducing spleen size and managing symptoms. However, early JAK inhibitors (ruxolitinib and fedratinib) are often associated with cytopenias, particularly thrombocytopenia and anemia, which limit their tolerability. To address these complications, pacritinib has been developed and recently approved for patients with thrombocytopenia, while momelotinib is in development for those with anemia. Although JAK inhibitors have significantly improved the quality of life of MF patients, they have not demonstrated the ability to reduce leukemic transformation and their impact on survival is debated. Numerous drugs are currently being developed and investigated in clinical trials, both as standalone therapy and in combination with JAK inhibitors, with promising results enhancing the benefits of JAK inhibitors. In the near future, MF treatment strategies will involve selecting the most suitable JAK inhibitor based on individual patient characteristics and prior therapy. Ongoing and future clinical trials are crucial for advancing the field and expanding therapeutic options for MF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahniel Sastow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas Tremblay
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Kakish HH, Ahmed FA, Elshami M, Loftus AW, Hoehn RS, Ammori JB, Ocuin LM, Winter JM, Bordeaux JS, Mangla A, Rothermel LD. Trends in Melanoma Phase 3 Clinical Trials since 2010: Is there Hope for Advanced Melanoma Therapies beyond Approved Treatment Mechanisms? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5184. [PMID: 36358601 PMCID: PMC9658976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several drugs and treatment modalities are under investigation to improve current melanoma therapy options. This review profiles the trends in clinical trial investment in late-stage melanoma, and anticipates what changes are expected in melanoma treatment, with a focus on exploratory drug mechanisms. METHODS We reviewed nine international clinical trial databases for registered, interventional, and phase 3 cutaneous melanoma clinical trials since 2010. RESULTS 73 trials studied drug therapies in late-stage (stage III and IV) melanoma. Exploratory mechanisms were investigated in 32% (23/73) of the late-stage melanoma drug therapy trials. Most exploratory drug trials include immunotherapy drug mechanisms (15/23 trials). Two exploratory mechanisms showed promise: the anti-LAG3 antibody, relatlimab, and the hapten modified vaccine, MVax. Many (52%) trials of exploratory mechanisms are ongoing including the use of adoptive cell transfer immunotherapies, dendritic cell vaccine therapy, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, among others. CONCLUSIONS Since most clinical trials focus on previously approved drug mechanisms, it is likely that paradigm-changing treatments will involve these therapies being used in new treatment contexts or combinations. Only 2 exploratory drug mechanisms studied since 2010 have achieved promising results in the phase 3 setting, though many other trials are ongoing at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna H. Kakish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fasih Ali Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mohamedraed Elshami
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alexander W. Loftus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard S. Hoehn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John B. Ammori
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lee M. Ocuin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jordan M. Winter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeremy S. Bordeaux
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ankit Mangla
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luke D. Rothermel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Zhang M, Xia F, Xia S, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Han X, Zhao K, Feng L, Dong R, Tian D, Yu Y, Liao J. NSAID-Associated Small Intestinal Injury: An Overview From Animal Model Development to Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:818877. [PMID: 35222032 PMCID: PMC8864225 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.818877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the wide application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), their gastrointestinal side effects are an urgent health burden. There are currently sound preventive measures for upper gastrointestinal injury, however, there is a lack of effective defense against lower gastrointestinal damage. According to a large number of previous animal experiments, a variety of NSAIDs have been demonstrated to induce small intestinal mucosal injury in vivo. This article reviews the descriptive data on the administration dose, administration method, mucosal injury site, and morphological characteristics of inflammatory sites of various NSAIDs. The cells, cytokines, receptors and ligands, pathways, enzyme inhibition, bacteria, enterohepatic circulation, oxidative stress, and other potential pathogenic factors involved in NSAID-associated enteropathy are also reviewed. We point out the limitations of drug modeling at this stage and are also pleased to discover the application prospects of chemically modified NSAIDs, dietary therapy, and many natural products against intestinal mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Department of Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suhong Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wangdong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruonan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiazhi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic, relapsing and remitting disorders of intestinal inflammation with potential systemic manifestations. Despite the availability of current biologics, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF), anti-integrins, anti-interleukins and small molecules such as tofacitinib, the rates of primary and secondary treatment failure remain high in IBD. This highlights the importance of continued development of new therapeutic targets and modifications of existing ones to improve the treatment response rates and to also improve the safety profile and tolerability of these medications. In this review we will discuss novel treatment target agents including selective janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, anti-interleukin (IL) (IL-12/IL-23), leukocyte trafficking/migrating inhibitors (such as sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator) and other small molecules currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Al-Bawardy
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Raina Shivashankar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deborah D. Proctor
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Cesna S, Eicken A. Percutaneous techniques for treatment of tricuspid valve dysfunction in congenital heart disease - an emerging therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 19:817-824. [PMID: 33336614 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2021.1865154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tricuspid valve (TV) dysfunction treatment experiences exponential growth of the interest over the last years. New techniques for percutaneous tricuspid valve treatment are either on the market or in the early stages of development.Areas covered: Deficiency of uniform guideline-based recommendations leads to diverse TV dysfunction treatment options. The current review describes the development of surgical techniques for TV dysfunction in Ebstein's anomaly and transition to a variety of new technologies. Then, the focus is on the potential of percutaneous interventions to reduce the total number of open-heart surgeries in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) after TV replacement with a bioprosthesis to improve TV function.Expert opinion: TV dysfunction is usually a complex combination of anatomical cardiac features in CHD. Compared to adults with secondary TV dysfunction, CHD patients usually are younger and have experienced several open-heart surgeries at a young age. Therefore, TV dysfunction can affect long-term life expectancy and quality of life significantly. So far, surgery was the gold standard for TV dysfunction treatment. The duration of TV plasty or bioprosthesis is limited, while the risk of re-do operations increases with every procedure. Percutaneous TV implantation may reduce the total number of open-heart surgeries over a patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Cesna
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andreas Eicken
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center, Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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7
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Munjal A, Dedania B, Cash BD. Current and emerging pharmacological approaches for treating diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 21:63-71. [PMID: 31738621 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1691524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is among the most common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and is associated with impaired quality of life, increased health-care utilization, and significant costs to patients and society. The treatment of IBS is typically hierarchal with initial therapies consisting of dietary and lifestyle modifications. Pharmacotherapy with over-the-counter and prescription medications is also commonly used for symptomatic control in the course of therapy.Areas covered: Three medications are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for IBS-D, with all of them demonstrating efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical trial data applicable to the current FDA approved IBS-D therapies as well as review data related to new and emerging therapies for this condition.Expert opinion: Clinicians should be familiar with emerging therapies for IBS-D as they may provide benefit to some IBS-D patients. The exact mechanisms of action of many of the emerging agents for IBS-D remain unknown. Despite substantial differences and limitations in the design and quality of supporting studies, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that emerging agents may promote meaningful symptom improvement in patients with IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Munjal
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhavtosh Dedania
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brooks D Cash
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Abstract
The discovery of JAK2 (V617F) a decade ago led to optimism for a rapidly developing treatment revolution in Ph(-) myeloproliferative neoplasms. Unlike BCR-ABL, however, JAK2 was found to have a more heterogeneous role in carcinogenesis. Therefore, for years, development of new therapies was slow, despite standard treatment options that did not address the overwhelming symptom burden in patients with primary myelofibrosis (MF), post-essential thrombocythemia MF, post-polycythemia vera MF, and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) syndromes. JAK-STAT inhibitors have changed this, drastically ameliorating symptoms and ultimately beginning to show evidence of impact on survival. Now, the genetic foundations of myelofibrosis and MDS/MPN are rapidly being elucidated and contributing to targeted therapy development. This has been empowered through updated response criteria for MDS/MPN and refined prognostic scoring systems in these diseases. The aim of this article is to summarize concisely the current and rationally designed investigational therapeutics directed at JAK-STAT, hedgehog, PI3K-Akt, bone marrow fibrosis, telomerase, and rogue epigenetic signaling. The revolution in immunotherapy and novel treatments aimed at previously untargeted signaling pathways provides hope for considerable advancement in therapy options for those with chronic myeloid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Sochacki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melissa A Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael R Savona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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9
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Bourdon E, Schüller K, Diehl S. The role of clinical evidence in emergent therapies: an empirical study on femoropopliteal stent-angioplasty in Europe. J Eval Clin Pract 2015; 21:1066-75. [PMID: 26446576 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVE A delayed availability of clinical evidence in rapidly emerging therapies is considered a major problem. In this study, we examined whether evidence from clinical studies has influenced the therapy of a major disease in industrial countries, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), using novel femoropopliteal stent-angioplasty. METHOD This analysis of retrospective time series data uses multivariate linear regression to investigate associations between published clinical evidence on femoropopliteal stent-angioplasty from Q3/2004 to Q4/2010 and the demand for femoropopliteal stents in Germany, France, Italy and the UK between Q1/2005 and Q4/2010, controlling for the prevalence of PAD risk factors, cardiovascular drug demand, reimbursement of health care providers for stent implantation, stent selling prices of manufacturers and economic indicators. RESULTS We did not observe any association of published clinical evidence with femoropopliteal stent demand in Germany, France, Italy and the UK, while we observed such associations for varying control variables at different time lags respectively. CONCLUSION We observed no association between published clinical evidence of femoropopliteal stent-angioplasty and its use in any of the four countries. The country-specific context and practice-related variables at a centre and individual doctor level may have limited the role of published clinical evidence in emerging femoropopliteal stent-angioplasty. More research is needed at this context, centre and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Bourdon
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Diehl
- Faculty of Medicine of Heidelberg University, Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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10
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Abstract
The specific pathogenesis underlying inflammatory bowel disease is complex, and it is even more difficult to decipher the pathophysiology to explain for the similarities and differences between two of its major subtypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Animal models are indispensable to pry into mechanistic details that will facilitate better preclinical drug/therapy design to target specific components involved in the disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on common animal models that are particularly useful for the study of UC and its therapeutic strategy. Recent reports of the latest compounds, therapeutic strategies, and approaches tested on UC animal models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Low
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deanna D Nguyen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for the Study of inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for the Study of inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Abstract
The specific pathogenesis underlying inflammatory bowel disease is complex, and it is even more difficult to decipher the pathophysiology to explain for the similarities and differences between two of its major subtypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Animal models are indispensable to pry into mechanistic details that will facilitate better preclinical drug/therapy design to target specific components involved in the disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on common animal models that are particularly useful for the study of UC and its therapeutic strategy. Recent reports of the latest compounds, therapeutic strategies, and approaches tested on UC animal models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Low
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis is a common cause of malodorous vaginal discharge. It is also associated with sexually transmitted infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The magnitude of the gynecological and obstetrical consequences has stimulated therapeutic research and led to the testing of several therapies. The objective of this work is to present the currently available therapeutic strategies for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and associated recommendations, and discuss the emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Menard
- Pôle Enfance et Famille, Conseil Général du Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France
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