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Garg S, Kaur N, Goel N, Molayem M, Grigoryan VG, Springborg M. Properties of Naked Silver Clusters with Up to 100 Atoms as Found with Embedded-Atom and Density-Functional Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073266. [PMID: 37050029 PMCID: PMC10096883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural and energetic properties of small silver clusters Agn with n = 2-100 atoms are reported. For n = 2-100 the embedded atom model for the calculation of the total energy of a given structure in combination with the basin-hopping search strategy for an unbiased structure optimization has been used to identify the energies and structures of the three energetically lowest-lying isomers. These optimized structures for n = 2-11 were subsequently studied further through density-functional-theory calculations. These calculations provide additional information on the electronic properties of the clusters that is lacking in the embedded-atom calculations. Thereby, also quantities related to the catalytic performance of the clusters are studied. The calculated properties in comparison to other available theoretical and experimental data show a good agreement. Previously unidentified magic (i.e., particularly stable) clusters have been found for n>80. In order to obtain a more detailed understanding of the structural properties of the clusters, various descriptors are used. Thereby, the silver clusters are compared to other noble metals and show some similarities to both copper and nickel systems, and also growth patterns have been identified. All vibrational frequencies of all the clusters have been calculated for the first time, and here we focus on the highest and lowest frequencies. Structural effects on the calculated frequencies were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Garg
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Navjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, India
| | - Neetu Goel
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Mohammad Molayem
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Valeri G Grigoryan
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Springborg
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Jadwisieńczak K, Obidziński S, Choszcz D. Assessment of the Physical and Energetic Properties of Fuel Pellets Made from Sage Waste Biomass with the Addition of Rye Bran. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:58. [PMID: 36614397 PMCID: PMC9821062 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of rye bran addition on the pelleting process of sage waste biomass, and the quality and energetic properties of fuel pellets. The pelleting process was conducted on an SS-4 test stand equipped with a P-300 pelletizer with flat die roller compactors. The addition of 20% rye bran reduced the pelletizer's power/energy consumption from 3.75 kW/107 kWh t-1 (0% rye bran content) to 3.19 kW/91 kWh t-1, decreased physical and bulk density, and increased the pellet durability index (PDI). The higher heating value-HHV (19.39 MJ kg-1 at 10% humidity) and the lower heating value-LHV (18.17 MJ kg-1) of sage waste biomass indicate that this plant material is highly suitable for heat generation. The addition of 20% rye bran decreased HHV by 2.07% and LHV by 2.67%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak
- Department of Heavy Duty Machines and Research Methodology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Obidziński
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Environmental Management, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Choszcz
- Department of Heavy Duty Machines and Research Methodology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
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Valverde JC, Araya M, Arias-Aguilar D, Masís C, Muñoz F. Evaluation of the Optimal Uses of Five Genotypes of Musa textilis Fiber Grown in the Tropical Region. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1772. [PMID: 35566940 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowing the genotypes of Musa textilis and its fiber production properties is key for developing cultivars with homogeneous properties and focusing on specific products or market segments that generate added value to the fiber. For this reason, the objective was to determine the optimal use of five genotypes of M. textilis (MT01, MT03, MT07, MT11, and CF01) with high productivity grown in the tropical region of Costa Rica. Therefore, anatomical, physical-mechanical, chemical, and energetic analyses were carried out on these fibers to define whether any genotype has the ideal conditions for a specific use. The results showed differences between the genotypes, obtaining significant differences in physical-mechanical properties (tension, water retention, and color), chemical properties (holocellulose, lignin, extractives, and elemental values of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur), and energetic properties (volatiles, ash, and caloric value thermogravimetric analyses), which resulted in the establishment of two groups of genotypes with a dissimilarity degree of 35%. The first group, composed of MT03 and MT01, presented characteristics suitable for paper production, biodegradable materials, and composite materials. On the other hand, the second group, made up of MT07, MT11, and CF01, showed properties suitable for textiles, heavy-duty fibers, and bioenergy.
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Zheng Y, Qi X, Chen S, Song S, Zhang Y, Wang K, Zhang Q. Self-Assembly of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Compounds with Oxidants for the Development of High-Energy Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:28390-28397. [PMID: 34106697 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of energetic materials with high energy and low sensitivity has attracted immense interests due to their widespread applications in aerospace technology and national defense. In this work, a promising self-assembly strategy was developed to prepare three high-energy materials (1-3) through the introduction of oxidant molecules into the crystal voids of the parent materials. The structures of these new materials were comprehensively examined by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In these materials, three unique layer structures with hcb, sql, and interrupted sql topologies were observed, which were formed by the fused-ring-based energetic components. Windows with hexagonal, square, and rectangular structures were observed within these layer structures, which were occupied by H2O2, NO3-, and ClO4-, respectively. Oxidant molecules interacted with parent molecules via hydrogen bonds to form crystal structures of these materials. Moreover, the energetic property of these materials was estimated by computing methods. The calculation results revealed that these self-assembly materials exhibit excellent energetic properties. The highest energetic performance was observed for compound 3. The detonation velocity, detonation pressure, and specific impulse values were up to 9339 m·s-1, 42.5 GPa, and 308 s, respectively, which were greater than those of HMX. Furthermore, these materials exhibited good sensitivity, which was closely related to their unique crystal structures. The high performance of these materials indicated that the self-assembly strategy should be a promising method for the development of novel energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), 621900 Mianyang, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 621010 Mianyang, China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 621010 Mianyang, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), 621900 Mianyang, China
| | - Siwei Song
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), 621900 Mianyang, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), 621900 Mianyang, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 621010 Mianyang, China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), 621900 Mianyang, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), 621900 Mianyang, China
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Reichel M, Krumm B, Vishnevskiy YV, Blomeyer S, Schwabedissen J, Stammler HG, Karaghiosoff K, Mitzel NW. Solid-State and Gas-Phase Structures and Energetic Properties of the Dangerous Methyl and Fluoromethyl Nitrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18557-18561. [PMID: 31573130 PMCID: PMC6916544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An improved synthesis of the simplest nitric acid ester, methyl nitrate, and a new synthesis of fluoromethyl nitrate use the metathesis of the corresponding iodomethanes with silver nitrate. Both compounds were identified by spectroscopy and the structures determined for in situ grown crystals by X-ray diffraction as well as in the gas phase by electron diffraction. Fluorination leads to structures with shorter C-O and N-O bonds, has an energetically destabilizing effect and increases friction sensitivity, but decreases detonation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reichel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13(D), D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13(D), D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13(D), D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Wang J, Cai M, Zhao F, Xu K. A Review on the Reactivity of 1-Amino-2-Nitroguanidine (ANQ). Molecules 2019; 24:E3616. [PMID: 31597251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Amino-2-nitroguanidine (ANQ) is a high-energy nitrogen-rich compound with good detonation properties and low sensitivities. ANQ has only a central carbon atom with three small groups around it, including an amino, a hydrazine and a nitroxyl group. Though the molecular structure of ANQ is very simple, its reactivity is surprisingly abundant. ANQ can undergo various reactions, including reduction reaction, acylation reaction, salification reaction, coordination reaction, aldimine condensation reaction, cyclization reaction and azide reaction. Many new energetic compounds were purposely obtained through these reactions. These reactions were systematically summarized in this review, and detonation properties of some energetic compounds were compared. In the field of energetic materials, ANQ and some derivatives exhibit good application prospects.
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Spoerri PM, Sapra KT, Zhang C, Mari SA, Kato HE, Kobilka BK, Müller DJ. Conformational Plasticity of Human Protease-Activated Receptor 1 upon Antagonist- and Agonist-Binding. Structure 2019; 27:1517-1526.e3. [PMID: 31422910 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) show complex relationships between functional states and conformational plasticity that can be qualitatively and quantitatively described by contouring their free energy landscape. However, how ligands modulate the free energy landscape to direct conformation and function of GPCRs is not entirely understood. Here, we employ single-molecule force spectroscopy to parametrize the free energy landscape of the human protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), and delineate the mechanical, kinetic, and energetic properties of PAR1 being set into different functional states. Whereas in the inactive unliganded state PAR1 adopts mechanically rigid and stiff conformations, upon agonist or antagonist binding the receptor mechanically softens, while increasing its conformational flexibility, and kinetic and energetic stability. By mapping the free energy landscape to the PAR1 structure, we observe key structural regions putting this conformational plasticity into effect. Our insight, complemented with previously acquired knowledge on other GPCRs, outlines a more general framework to understand how GPCRs stabilize certain functional states.
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Shoaf AL, Bayse CA. Trigger bond analysis of nitroaromatic energetic materials using wiberg bond indices. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1236-1248. [PMID: 29464739 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The identification of trigger bonds, bonds that break to initiate explosive decomposition, using computational methods could help direct the development of novel, "green" and efficient high energy density materials (HEDMs). Comparing bond densities in energetic materials to reference molecules using Wiberg bond indices (WBIs) provides a relative scale for bond activation (%ΔWBIs) to assign trigger bonds in a set of 63 nitroaromatic conventional energetic molecules. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions enhance contributions of resonance structures that strengthen, or deactivate, the CNO2 trigger bonds and reduce the sensitivity of nitroaniline-based HEDMs. In contrast, unidirectional hydrogen bonding in nitrophenols strengthens the bond to the hydrogen bond acceptor, but the phenol lone pairs repel and activate an adjacent nitro group. Steric effects, electron withdrawing groups and greater nitro dihedral angles also activate the CNO2 trigger bonds. %ΔWBIs indicate that nitro groups within an energetic molecule are not all necessarily equally activated to contribute to initiation. %ΔWBIs generally correlate well with impact sensitivity, especially for HEDMs with intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and are a better measure of trigger bond strength than bond dissociation energies (BDEs). However, the method is less effective for HEDMs with significant secondary effects in the solid state. Assignment of trigger bonds using %ΔWBIs could contribute to understanding the effect of intramolecular interactions on energetic properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Shoaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529
| | - Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529
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