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Jafari M, Parastouei K, Abbaszadeh S. Development of curcumin-loaded nanoemulsion stabilized with texturized whey protein concentrate: Characterization, stability and in vitro digestibility. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1655-1672. [PMID: 38455175 PMCID: PMC10916561 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The impacts of pH (2.8, 4.5, and 7.2) and extrusion cooking temperature (60°C, 85°C, and 110°C) on properties of native whey protein concentrate (NWPC) were evaluated, followed by delivering of curcumin through a nanoemulsion system stabilized with extruded WPC (EWPC). Protein solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and emulsion properties such as emulsion activity index (at 1% [w/w] protein concentration), stability index (at 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% [w/w] protein concentration) and creaming index (evaluated at different protein concentrations [0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% w/w] and oil levels [20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%]) were improved as a function of the extrusion process. It was found that both covalent and non-covalent interactions contributed to the stabilization of the extrudates. The rheological investigation of the emulsions stabilized with EWPC (at different oil levels [20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%]) revealed high viscosity and shear thinning behavior as well as much higher G' and G″ values. Encapsulation efficiency was increased from 90.8% to 95.7% when NWPC and EWPC were used, respectively. The curcumin-loaded nanoemulsion containing EWPC presented high stability in confronting with ionic strength (NaCl salt with a concentration of 0.1-1 M), pH (3, 5, and 7), thermal treatments (pasteurization at 63°C for 30 min and sterilization at 95°C for 10 min) and storage time (1 month at 4°C and 25°C). In vitro release behavior revealed that samples stabilized with EWPC showed burst release in simulated intestine conditions. However, it was more stable in stomach conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Jafari
- Health Research Center, Life Style InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Karim Parastouei
- Health Research Center, Life Style InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sepideh Abbaszadeh
- Health Research Center, Life Style InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Altaf U, Hussain SZ, Naseer B, Amin T, Bashir O. Nutritional and bioactive components of rice-chickpea based snacks as affected by severe and mild extrusion cooking. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:7126-7135. [PMID: 35704332 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe extrusion cooking (SEC) has been extensively explored for product development and has been compared with mild extrusion cooking (MEC). Different blends of chickpea-rice flour for extrusion can be used to achieve a balance between nutritive value and valued product characteristics. This study was therefore designed to optimize the severe and mild extrusion conditions for rice-chickpea flour blends to cater for increasing consumer demand for snacks with the aim of comparing the effects of severe and mild extrusion cooking (MEC) on nutritional quality. RESULTS The results revealed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage reduction in sucrose during severe extrusion (46.85%) compared to mild extrusion (7.88%). Likewise, the percentage increase in maltose, glucose, and fructose was significantly (P < 0.05) higher during SEC than during mild extrusion. Total phenolic content increased by 13.96% during mild extrusion, whereas, during severe extrusion it decreased by 15%. Total flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity decreased by 11.11% and 15.63%, respectively, during severe extrusion whereas, total flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity increased by 13.17% and 24.29%, respectively, during MEC. The loss in condensed tannin content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (33.82%) during SEC than with MEC (12.05%). With regard to amino acids, the maximum loss was observed in methionine (53.38%) followed by lysine (40.63%) during SEC. However, the mineral content was found to increase during SEC. CONCLUSION This study revealed that MEC is superior to SEC in terms of minimizing deleterious effects on overall nutritional value of ready-to-eat snacks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Altaf
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar, India
- Division of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Zameer Hussain
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Bazila Naseer
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Tawheed Amin
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Omar Bashir
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar, India
- Division of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
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Singh R, Yu CC, Chen GW, Chen CH, Sinaki NY, Lin J, Koksel F. Butterfly Pea Flower as a Novel Ingredient to Produce Antioxidant-Enriched Yellow Pea-Based Breakfast Cereals. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36360061 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterfly pea flower (BP) is a rich source of bioactive components and can potentially be utilized to produce appealing, wholesome foods. Antioxidant and dietary fiber-enriched breakfast cereals were produced by extrusion cooking using blends of BP and yellow pea flour (YP). BP was added to YP at 0%, 5% and 10% levels (w/w), respectively, and extruded at two temperature profiles with die temperatures of 130 and 150 °C. Incorporation of BP significantly (p < 0.05) improved the total phenolics content, antioxidant properties, and insoluble and total dietary fiber content of the extrudates, with 10% BP extrudates showing the highest values. At a die temperature of 150 °C, the extrudates had a higher expansion ratio, a lower dry hardness, and a higher dry crispiness as compared to those at 130 °C. The color of BP-incorporated extrudates was darker and bluer as compared to the no-BP extrudates. The 10% BP extrudates retained relatively more of their hardness, crispiness, and crunchiness after soaking, indicating a better bowl-life and, therefore, better suitability of this blend formula for breakfast cereal production. Overall, this research shows that healthier breakfast cereals with appealing color and relatively longer bowl-life can be produced using BP, making BP a potential novel ingredient for extrusion formulations.
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Zahari I, Östbring K, Purhagen JK, Rayner M. Plant-Based Meat Analogues from Alternative Protein: A Systematic Literature Review. Foods 2022; 11:2870. [PMID: 36140998 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of the research performed in the plant-based meat analogues area. Historical, current, and future tendencies are discussed. The paper offers a comprehensive SLR coupled with a bibliometric analysis of the publication from 1972 to January 2022. The articles were obtained using a research string and precise inclusion and exclusion criteria from two prominent databases, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow technique was used to describe the data screening and selection. In total, 84 publications were selected for further analysis after a thorough literature assessment. From this study, six main themes were identified: (1) objectives of the study; (2) type of plant protein; (3) product type; (4) added ingredients; (5) texturization technique; and (6) quality assessment considered in the studies. Recent trends in publication imply that meat analogue technology is gaining prominence. This review revealed significant research on improving meat analogues via texturization. Even though extrusion is used industrially, the technique is still in its infancy and needs improvement. Future studies should focus more on fiber and protein-protein interactions, macromolecule conformation and mechanisms, diversifying or improving current methods, sensory attributes, and gastrointestinal absorption rate of each novel protein ingredient.
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Šárka E, Sluková M, Henke S. Changes in Phenolics during Cooking Extrusion: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092100. [PMID: 34574210 PMCID: PMC8469840 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, significant attention is paid to the retention of phenolics in extrudates and their health effects. Due to the large number of recent articles devoted to total phenolic content (TPC) of input mixtures and extrudates, the technological changes are only presented for basic raw materials and the originating extrudates, and only the composites identified has having the highest amounts of TPC are referred to. The paper is also devoted to the changes in individual phenolics during extrusion (phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, isoflavons, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins). These changes are related to the choice or raw materials, the configuration of the extruder, and the setting the technological parameters. The results found in this study, presented in the form of tables, also indicate whether a single-screw or twin-screw extruder was used for the experiments. To design an extrusion process, other physico-chemical changes in the input material must also be taken into account, such as gelatinization of starch; denaturation of protein and formation of starch, lipids, and protein complexes; formation of soluble dietary fiber; destruction of antinutritional factors and contaminating microorganisms; and lipid oxidation reduction. The chemical changes also include starch depolymerization, the Maillard reaction, and decomposition of vitamins.
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Onyeoziri IO, Torres-Aguilar P, Hamaker BR, Taylor JRN, de Kock HL. Descriptive sensory analysis of instant porridge from stored wholegrain and decorticated pearl millet flour cooked, stabilized and improved by using a low-cost extruder. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3824-3838. [PMID: 34350992 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pearl millet flour, particularly wholegrain flour, is highly susceptible to development of rancid aromas and flavors during storage. Grain decortication and extrusion cooking using a friction-heated single-screw extruder were investigated as potential flour stabilization processes. Raw and extruded wholegrain and decorticated grain pearl millet flours were stored at ambient (25°C) and elevated (40°C) temperatures for 6 months. A trained descriptive sensory panel developed a lexicon of 44 attributes to profile the aroma, flavor, and texture of porridges prepared from the flours. Grain decortication alone did not show an effect on the aroma and flavor profile of porridge. Extrusion cooking of both wholegrain and decorticated flours increased cereal-like aromas (branny, canned sweetcorn, sweet, and wheaty) and flavor (starchy), as well as stiffness and cohesiveness of the porridges. The porridges from the extruded pearl millet flours stored for up to 6 months at ambient and elevated temperatures did not show any indications of rancidity. In contrast, rancidity-associated aromas (chemical, painty, and soapy) and flavor (chemical) increased in porridges from the raw flours stored for 4 weeks and longer. These results indicate that grain decortication did not sufficiently reduce fat content to prevent oxidation, while extrusion cooking stabilized the pearl millet flours. In addition, intensified "cereal-like" aromas and flavors were probably due to Maillard reactions occurring during extrusion cooking. Resulting aroma compounds could have been immobilized in the extruded matrix and not released during flour storage. The application of extrusion cooking with a simple friction-heated single-screw extruder is a viable process for both precooking and extending the shelf life of pearl millet flours. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrates the potential of extrusion cooking to precook wholegrain pearl millet while preventing fat rancidity in wholegrain pearl millet flour, thereby improving the sensory quality and stability of pearl millet food products. The extensive sensory characterization of pearl millet porridge-type foods can serve as a guidance tool for development, improvement, and quality control of pearl millet foods. Furthermore, it establishes the efficacy of simple friction-heated, single-screw extruders for commercial manufacture of ready-to-eat wholegrain pearl millet food products by small and medium scale entrepreneurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isiguzoro O Onyeoziri
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pablo Torres-Aguilar
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - John R N Taylor
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Henriëtta L de Kock
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Tuśnio A, Barszcz M, Taciak M, Święch E, Wójtowicz A, Skomiał J. The Effect of a Diet Containing Extruded Faba Bean Seeds on Growth Performance and Selected Microbial Activity Indices in the Large Intestine of Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1703. [PMID: 34200368 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Grain legumes are cultivated for food and feed purposes in all regions of the world. Legumes are the main source of protein for a large part of the world population where animal protein is hardly available. The potential of grain legumes is increasing primarily due to the genetic improvement of their agricultural and nutritional characteristics and expansion of organic farming. They are also fed to animals as a component of concentrates and on farms producing “organic” food. Therefore, studies on the composition, nutritional value and factors affecting quality of legume protein contribute to a more efficient utilization of seeds as feed and food ingredients. Faba bean is rich in both starch and protein and is an important alternative protein source in animal nutrition; however, its potential is not yet fully exploited, particularly in pig diets. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing various levels of extruded faba bean seeds on growth performance and selected microbial activity indices in the large intestine of pigs. Treatments with faba bean seeds did not negatively affect growth performance (except for the highest level of faba bean) and microbial activity in the large intestine, and can be applied in piglet diets. Abstract The study investigated the effect of replacing soybean meal with extruded faba bean seeds on piglet growth performance and selected microbial activity indices in the large intestine. In total, 24, 35-day-old, healthy, castrated piglets of similar body weight were divided into four groups with six replicates. Animals in the control group (C) were fed with soybean meal without extruded faba bean seeds. In other experimental groups, pigs were fed diets with the addition of 20 (FB20), 25 (FB25) or 30% (FB30) extruded faba bean seeds instead of soybean meal and wheat starch. Growth performance, histology of the large intestine, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia concentration, as well as the activity of bacterial enzymes in digesta samples, were analyzed. The intake of the FB25 diet resulted in an increased feed:gain ratio in comparison to the FB30 group. Feeding the FB30 diet increased tunica muscularis thickness in the caecum as compared to other groups. Moreover, dietary inclusion of extruded faba bean seeds had no effect on SCFA and ammonia concentration. In addition, feeding diets with a different level of extruded faba bean seeds did not affect the activity of bacterial enzymes in the colon.
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De Angelis D, Kaleda A, Pasqualone A, Vaikma H, Tamm M, Tammik ML, Squeo G, Summo C. Physicochemical and Sensorial Evaluation of Meat Analogues Produced from Dry-Fractionated Pea and Oat Proteins. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121754. [PMID: 33260878 PMCID: PMC7760771 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pea protein dry-fractionated (PDF), pea protein isolated (PIs), soy protein isolated (SIs) and oat protein (OP) were combined in four mixes (PDF_OP, PIs_OP, PDF_PIs_OP, SIs_OP) and extruded to produce meat analogues. The ingredients strongly influenced the process conditions and the use of PDF required higher specific mechanical energy and screw speed to create fibrous texture compared to PIs and SIs. PDF can be conveniently used to produce meat analogues with a protein content of 55 g 100 g-1, which is exploitable in meat-alternatives formulation. PDF-based meat analogues showed lower hardness (13.55-18.33 N) than those produced from PIs and SIs (nearly 27 N), probably due to a more porous structure given by the natural presence of carbohydrates in the dry-fractionated ingredient. PDF_OP and PIs_PDF_OP showed a significantly lower water absorption capacity than PIs OP and SIs_OP, whereas pea-based extrudates showed high oil absorption capacity, which could be convenient to facilitate the inclusion of oil and fat in the final formulation. The sensory evaluation highlighted an intense odor and taste profile of PDF_OP, whereas the extrudates produced by protein isolates had more neutral sensory characteristics. Overall, the use of dry-fractionated protein supports the strategies to efficiently produce clean-labeled and sustainable plant-based meat analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/a, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksei Kaleda
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (H.V.); (M.T.); (M.-L.T.)
| | - Antonella Pasqualone
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/a, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Helen Vaikma
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (H.V.); (M.T.); (M.-L.T.)
- School of Business and Governance, Department of Business Administration, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martti Tamm
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (H.V.); (M.T.); (M.-L.T.)
| | - Mari-Liis Tammik
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (H.V.); (M.T.); (M.-L.T.)
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Giacomo Squeo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/a, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmine Summo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/a, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
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Sharifi S, Majzoobi M, Farahnaky A. Effects of particle size and moisture content of maize grits on physical properties of expanded snacks. J Texture Stud 2020; 52:110-123. [PMID: 33048347 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to investigate the effects of simultaneous changing of maize grits particle size and moisture content on some physical properties and microstructure of the expanded snacks produced by an industrial single screw extruder. Maize grits with different particle sizes of 212-299, 300-474, 475-680, 681-870, 871-1,016, and 1,017-1,070 μm and various moisture contents of 15, 16, 17, and 18% were used to manufacture puffed products. The samples produced with larger particle sizes and higher moisture content exhibited lower water absorption and water solubility indices and less expansion and crispiness than other samples. As microstructure results revealed, these samples showed more uneven surface and thicker cross-section. Overall, controlling both moisture content and particle size of maize grits had significant effects on the quality of the snacks. However, the impact of changing particle size on the snack properties was greater than changing the moisture content. This research has implications in food industry in production of puffed snacks using extrusion process. The results provide practical and green methods of improving the quality of the snacks by choosing the appropriate feed particle size and moisture content. The approach introduced in this paper is easy to impediment in the food industry without the need to change extruder configuration or adding to the list of ingredients and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Sharifi
- Vice Chancellor for Food and Drug, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Shiraz university, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Majzoobi
- Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asgar Farahnaky
- Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rangira I, Gu BJ, Ek P, Ganjyal GM. Pea starch exhibits good expansion characteristics under relatively lower temperatures during extrusion cooking. J Food Sci 2020; 85:3333-3344. [PMID: 32949029 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion processing characteristics of pea starch were studied as impacted by various extrusion cooking processing variables, including, moisture content (15%, 17.5%, and 20% w.b.), temperature (120, 135, and 150 °C), and screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm), in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Physicochemical properties such as radial expansion ratio (ER), unit density (UD), water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI) were measured. ER of the extrudates ranged between 2.52 and 3.63. These values of ER were significantly high, although relatively lower compared to the highest values reported in the literature for corn and rice extrudates. The UD values for all the extrudates ranged from 0.12 to 0.35 g/cm3 , WAI, and WSI values ranged from 10.98 to 12.10 g/g and from 0.12% to 7.73%, respectively. Both screw speed and moisture content had significant impacts on the ER (P < 0.01). The highest ER was observed for the extrusion cooking conditions of the lowest moisture content level (15%), lowest barrel temperature (120 °C), and lowest screw speed (150 rpm). The cross-sectional microstructure of the extrudates showed that the samples with a high ER had thick and elongated pores. The results of this study indicate that pea starch is a viable ingredient for making puffed extruded products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The food industry can utilize the information generated from this study in the development of extruded expanded food products with pea starch. The specific information related to process conditions can assist the food industry in determining the ideal conditions for extrusion cooking in the production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rangira
- All authors are with School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6376, U.S.A
| | - Bon-Jae Gu
- All authors are with School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6376, U.S.A
| | - Pichmony Ek
- All authors are with School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6376, U.S.A
| | - Girish M Ganjyal
- All authors are with School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6376, U.S.A
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Samard S, Gu BY, Ryu GH. Effects of extrusion types, screw speed and addition of wheat gluten on physicochemical characteristics and cooking stability of meat analogues. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4922-4931. [PMID: 30950073 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant protein-based products such as meat analogues have been receiving attention over the years. However, comparisons of product properties and mechanisms applied in the production of low- and high-moisture meat analogues have not been reported. In this study, the effects of extrusion types (low- and high-moisture extrusion cooking), absence or presence of added wheat gluten, as well as screw speed (150 and 200 rpm) on the physicochemical properties of meat analogues were evaluated. The mechanism of protein texturization of low- and high-moisture meat analogues was studied. RESULTS Extrusion types and addition of wheat gluten had a major influence on physicochemical characteristics which were critical in controlling the fibrous texture of the final product, while screw speed had a minor impact on springiness only (P < 0.001). All high-moisture meat analogues (HMMAs) were associated with a higher integrity index and greater stability of springiness and cutting strength than low-moisture meat analogues (LMMAs) using the same formula and screw speed, while the nitrogen solubility index of HMMAs was lower. Based on the physicochemical properties determined, the higher cross-link formation in HMMAs is proposed to occur in the cooling die section. CONCLUSION Our findings show that the utilization of high-moisture extrusion cooking and the incorporation of wheat gluten into the formula at 400 g kg-1 could impart a fibrous and compact structure to extrudates similar to that of actual muscle meat, with a greater integrity index and texture stability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasimaporn Samard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food and Feed Extrusion Research Center, Kongju National University, Daehakro 54, Yesan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Yeob Gu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food and Feed Extrusion Research Center, Kongju National University, Daehakro 54, Yesan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hyung Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food and Feed Extrusion Research Center, Kongju National University, Daehakro 54, Yesan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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Albarracín M, Dyner L, Giacomino MS, Weisstaub A, Zuleta A, Drago SR. Modification of nutritional properties of whole rice flours (Oryza sativa L.) by soaking, germination, and extrusion. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12854. [PMID: 31353715 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of nutritional properties (amino acids, available lysine, protein digestibility, fatty acids, fiber, inositol phosphate (IPs), free and bound phenolics, and antioxidant properties) of whole rice ingredients processed by soaking, germination, and/or extrusion cooking were evaluated. Soaking and germination reduced proteins by lixiviation and hydrolysis, respectively. Lysine was the limiting amino acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids increased after germination. Protein digestibility was 100% for germinated rice, decreased to 75% after the extrusion process. Fiber content decreased around 73% after the extrusion of soaked and germinated flours. Soaking-extrusion combined processes produces >50% IPs reduction. Germination-extrusion produced flours with the highest antioxidant capacity (54 µmol trolox g-1 ), which was in accordance with the highest content of free and bound phenolics (66 and 69 mg GA 100 g-1 , respectively). Grain treatments changed nutritional properties of flours resulting in low antinutrient whole grain ingredients, which could be used to develop whole grain-based foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Phytic acid (PA) is an antinutrient having negative effects on mineral bioavailability and protein digestibility. There are processes such as soaking, germination, and extrusion, which alone or combined can decrease PA. However, nutritional composition and functionality of flours can change. We observed PA was highly reduced by soaking or germination combined with extrusion and antioxidant capacity and phenolic content increased in germinated and germinated-extruded flours compared to the other treatments. These modified whole grain rice flours low in anti-nutrients could be used in the production of expanded products or pre-cooked ingredients to develop whole grain based foods nutritionally improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Albarracín
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, CONICET, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis Dyner
- Departamento de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Giacomino
- Departamento de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Weisstaub
- Departamento de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angela Zuleta
- Departamento de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina R Drago
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, CONICET, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Sandrin R, Caon T, Zibetti AW, de Francisco A. Effect of extrusion temperature and screw speed on properties of oat and rice flour extrudates. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:3427-3436. [PMID: 29282744 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole oat and rice flours were mixed to develop instant flours by a high pressure and low mechanical shear extrusion process. The screw profile was designed aiming to obtain an infant food with gelatinized starch and high hydration ability. Response surface methodology was selected to study the impact of operating parameters such as temperature and screw speed (73-186 °C; 109-391 rpm) on physicochemical and pasting properties of the final extruded product. The main challenge of this study was to process high oats content, since they are characterized by high lipid and fiber content, which impact on material processing. RESULTS The optimal response was achieved at 170 °C and 350 rpm. The optimal expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index, and water solubility index were 2.24, 289.65 kg m-3 , 6.42 g g-1 , and 4.75 g g-1 respectively. Overall, both temperature and screw speed affected the responses studied, except for water absorption index (only screw speed affected this response). Although lipids from oats reduce the expansion ratio of extrudates compared with samples containing higher starch proportions, their lipids protect the starch granules from mechanical degradation when higher screw speed values are used. As a result, both ungelatinized and gelatinized starches may be found in extrudates, which was confirmed by pasting property analyses. CONCLUSION High oat content may be efficiently processed by optimizing the extruder conditions (temperature, screw speed, and profile), improving the nutritional properties of the final product. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raceli Sandrin
- Department of Food Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thiago Caon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - André Wüst Zibetti
- Department of Informatics and Statistics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alicia de Francisco
- Department of Food Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Szczygiel EJ, Harte JB, Strasburg GM, Cho S. Consumer acceptance and aroma characterization of navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) powders prepared by extrusion and conventional processing methods. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:4142-4150. [PMID: 28230271 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food products produced with bean ingredients are gaining in popularity among consumers due to the reported health benefits. Navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) powder produced through extrusion can be considered as a resource-efficient alternative to conventional methods, which often involve high water inputs. Therefore, navy bean powders produced with extrusion and conventional methods were assessed for the impact of processing on consumer liking in end-use products and odor-active compounds. RESULTS Consumer acceptance results reveal significant differences in flavor, texture and overall acceptance scores of several products produced with navy bean powder. Crackers produced with extruded navy bean powder received higher hedonic flavor ratings than those produced with commercial navy bean powder (P < 0.001). GC-O data showed that the commercial powder produced through conventional processing had much greater contents of several aliphatic aldehydes commonly formed via lipid oxidation, such as hexanal, octanal and nonanal with descriptors of 'grassy', 'nutty', 'fruity', 'dusty', and 'cleaner', compared to the extruded powder. CONCLUSION Extrusion processed navy bean powders were preferred over commercial powders for certain navy bean powder applications. This is best explained by substantial differences in aroma profiles of the two powders that may have been caused by lipid oxidation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Szczygiel
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Janice B Harte
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gale M Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sungeun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Voss K, Ryu D, Jackson L, Riley R, Gelineau-van Waes J. Reduction of Fumonisin Toxicity by Extrusion and Nixtamalization (Alkaline Cooking). J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:7088-7096. [PMID: 28170235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins found in corn. They are toxic to animals and cause cancer in rodents and neural tube defects in LM/Bc mice. Reducing their concentrations in corn-based foods is therefore desirable. Chemical analysis or in vitro bioassays of food extracts might not detect toxic fumonisin reaction products that are unknown or unextractable from food matrices, thus potentially underestimating in vivo toxicity. The effectiveness of two common cooking methods, extrusion and nixtamalization (alkaline cooking), to reduce the toxicity of fumonisin-contaminated corn grits (extrusion) and whole kernel corn (nixtamalization) was shown by means of rat feeding bioassays using fumonisin-specific kidney effects as indicators of potential toxicity. A third bioassay showed that in contrast to fumonisin B1 (FB1), hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 (HFB1; formed from FB1 during nixtamalization) did not cause neural tube defects in LM/Bc mice. The findings indicate that extrusion and nixtamalization reduce the potential toxicity of FB1-contaminated corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Voss
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Lauren Jackson
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Ronald Riley
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Janee Gelineau-van Waes
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine , 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
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Nielsen TS, Jørgensen H, Knudsen KEB, Lærke HN. The microbial fermentation characteristics depend on both carbohydrate source and heat processing: a model experiment with ileo-cannulated pigs. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 68:811-820. [PMID: 28367709 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1307947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of carbohydrate (CHO) source and processing (extrusion cooking) on large intestinal fermentation products were studied in ileo-cannulated pigs as a model for humans. Pigs were fed diets containing barley, pea or a mixture of potato starch:wheat bran (PSWB) either raw or extrusion cooked. Extrusion cooking reduced the amount of starch fermented in the large intestine by 52-96% depending on the CHO source and the total pool of butyrate in the distal small intestine + large intestine by on average 60% across diets. Overall, extrusion cooking caused a shift in the composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced towards more acetate and less propionate and butyrate. The CHO source and processing highly affected the fermentation characteristics and extrusion cooking generally reduced large intestinal fermentation and resulted in a less desirable composition of the fermentation products. The latter outcome is non-conducive to a healthy large intestinal environment and its resulting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Skau Nielsen
- a Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
| | - Henry Jørgensen
- a Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
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17
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Boff Zortéa-Guidolin ME, Piler de Carvalho CW, Bueno de Godoy RC, Mottin Demiate I, Paula Scheer A. Influence of Extrusion Cooking on In Vitro Digestibility, Physical and Sensory Properties of Brazilian Pine Seeds Flour (Araucaria Angustifolia). J Food Sci 2017; 82:977-984. [PMID: 28339105 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brazilian pine seeds (pinhão) are gluten-free products derived from Araucaria angustifolia. The commercialization of these seeds is essentially associated with a low level of industrialization. In this context, extrusion cooking is a potential alternative for preparing extrudates of pinhão as a food product, which can be easily digested and is ready for human consumption. Brazilian pine seeds flour was processed in a single-screw extruder following a central composite rotatable design. Three factors (independent parameters) were considered: moisture content (14 to 22 g/100 g), screw speed (100 to 250 rpm), and temperature in the 3rd heating zone (120 to 200 °C). The structural characteristics, in vitro digestibility and sensory acceptance were also evaluated. The resistant starch contents is almost reduced to zero after extrusion cooking while the slowly digestible starch content is increased. An increase in moisture positively affected the hardness and the luminosity (L* ), although it negatively affected the volumetric expansion index, crispness, and color parameters (a* , b* , and ΔE). The experimental conditions of this study allowed the production of expanded extrudates from Brazilian pine seeds with good expansion, texture properties, and acceptance qualities. Thus, extrusion cooking was found to be a potential method for the industrialization of Brazilian pine seeds as a food product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ivo Mottin Demiate
- Food Engineering Dept. - State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, CEP: 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Agnes Paula Scheer
- Graduate Program in Food Engineering, Federal Univ. of Parana, R. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n, CEP: 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Neder-Suárez D, Amaya-Guerra CA, Quintero-Ramos A, Pérez-Carrillo E, Alanís-Guzmán MG, Báez-González JG, García-Díaz CL, Núñez-González MA, Lardizábal-Gutiérrez D, Jiménez-Castro JA. Physicochemical Changes and Resistant-Starch Content of Extruded Cornstarch with and without Storage at Refrigerator Temperatures. Molecules 2016; 21:E1064. [PMID: 27537864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of extrusion cooking and low-temperature storage on the physicochemical changes and resistant starch (RS) content in cornstarch were evaluated. The cornstarch was conditioned at 20%–40% moisture contents and extruded in the range 90–130 °C and at screw speeds in the range 200–360 rpm. The extrudates were stored at 4 °C for 120 h and then at room temperature. The water absorption, solubility index, RS content, viscoelastic, thermal, and microstructural properties of the extrudates were evaluated before and after storage. The extrusion temperature and moisture content significantly affected the physicochemical properties of the extrudates before and after storage. The RS content increased with increasing moisture content and extrusion temperature, and the viscoelastic and thermal properties showed related behaviors. Microscopic analysis showed that extrusion cooking damaged the native starch structure, producing gelatinization and retrogradation and forming RS. The starch containing 35% moisture and extruded at 120 °C and 320 rpm produced the most RS (1.13 g/100 g) after to storage at low temperature. Although the RS formation was low, the results suggest that extrusion cooking could be advantageous for RS production and application in the food industry since it is a pollution less, continuous process requiring only a short residence time.
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Ruiz-Gutiérrez MG, Amaya-Guerra CA, Quintero-Ramos A, Pérez-Carrillo E, Ruiz-Anchondo TDJ, Báez-González JG, Meléndez-Pizarro CO. Effect of extrusion cooking on bioactive compounds in encapsulated red cactus pear powder. Molecules 2015; 20:8875-92. [PMID: 25993418 PMCID: PMC6272353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red cactus pear has significant antioxidant activity and potential as a colorant in food, due to the presence of betalains. However, the betalains are highly thermolabile, and their application in thermal process, as extrusion cooking, should be evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extrusion conditions on the chemical components of red cactus pear encapsulated powder. Cornstarch and encapsulated powder (2.5% w/w) were mixed and processed by extrusion at different barrel temperatures (80, 100, 120, 140 °C) and screw speeds (225, 275, 325 rpm) using a twin-screw extruder. Mean residence time (trm), color (L*, a*, b*), antioxidant activity, total polyphenol, betacyanin, and betaxanthin contents were determined on extrudates, and pigment degradation reaction rate constants (k) and activation energies (Ea) were calculated. Increases in barrel temperature and screw speed decreased the trm, and this was associated with better retentions of antioxidant activity, total polyphenol, betalain contents. The betacyanins k values ranged the -0.0188 to -0.0206/s and for betaxanthins ranged of -0.0122 to -0.0167/s, while Ea values were 1.5888 to 6.1815 kJ/mol, respectively. The bioactive compounds retention suggests that encapsulated powder can be used as pigments and to provide antioxidant properties to extruded products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha G Ruiz-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s/n Campus Universitario 2, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A Amaya-Guerra
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Mexico.
| | - Armando Quintero-Ramos
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s/n Campus Universitario 2, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico.
| | - Esther Pérez-Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingenería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
| | - Teresita de J Ruiz-Anchondo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s/n Campus Universitario 1, Chihuahua 31310, Mexico.
| | - Juan G Báez-González
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Mexico.
| | - Carmen O Meléndez-Pizarro
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s/n Campus Universitario 2, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico.
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Masatcioglu MT, Gokmen V, Ng PKW, Koksel H. Effects of formulation, extrusion cooking conditions, and CO₂ injection on the formation of acrylamide in corn extrudates. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:2562-8. [PMID: 24497201 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrylamide is a possible carcinogen and known to form in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods. This study was designed to investigate the effects of different ingredients (reducing sugars, chemical leavening agents, citric acid), processing conditions (feed moisture content: 22, 24 or 26%, exit die temperature: 110, 150 °C), and extrusion cooking methods (with or without CO2 injection) on acrylamide formation. RESULTS The type of reducing sugar did not have a considerable effect on acrylamide formation, while increased exit die temperature had a promoting effect. Addition of chemical leavening agents (sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate) into formulations increased acrylamide formation levels. The addition of citric acid prevented acrylamide formation, but its effect on textural properties was detrimental. Acrylamide levels of extrudates decreased gradually with increasing feed moisture in all formulations. Acrylamide content of extrudates produced with 22% feed moisture decreased by 61% in the CO2 injection method compared to conventional extrusion. Furthermore, an 82% decrease in acrylamide content was observed with the combined effect of CO2 injection and increasing feed moisture content from 22 to 24% and decreased below the limit of quantification with a further increase in feed moisture. CONCLUSION A substantial decrease in final acrylamide level is probably due to restriction of two major steps of acrylamide formation: dehydration and decarboxylation.
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