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Ma T, Liu X, Su H, Shi Q, He Y, Wu F, Gao C, Li K, Liang Z, Zhang D, Zhang X, Hu K, Li S, Wang L, Wang M, Yue S, Hong W, Chen X, Zhang J, Zheng L, Deng X, Wang P, Fan Y. Coupling of Perinuclear Actin Cap and Nuclear Mechanics in Regulating Flow-Induced Yap Spatiotemporal Nucleocytoplasmic Transport. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305867. [PMID: 38161226 PMCID: PMC10953556 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including flow shear stress, govern fundamental cellular processes by modulating nucleocytoplasmic transport of transcription factors like Yes-associated Protein (YAP). However, the underlying mechanical mechanism remains elusive. In this study, it is reported that unidirectional flow induces biphasic YAP transport with initial nuclear import, followed by nuclear export as actin cap formation and nuclear stiffening. Conversely, pathological oscillatory flow induces slight actin cap formation, nuclear softening, and sustained YAP nuclear localization. To elucidate the disparately YAP spatiotemporal distribution, a 3D mechanochemical model is developed, which integrates flow sensing, cytoskeleton organization, nucleus mechanotransduction, and YAP transport. The results unveiled that despite the significant localized nuclear stress imposed by the actin cap, its inherent stiffness counteracts the dispersed contractile stress exerted by conventional fibers on the nuclear membrane. Moreover, alterations in nuclear stiffness synergistically regulate nuclear deformation, thereby governing YAP transport. Furthermore, by expanding the single-cell model to a collective vertex framework, it is revealed that the irregularities in actin cap formation within individual cells have the potential to induce topological defects and spatially heterogeneous YAP distribution in the cellular monolayer. This work unveils a unified mechanism of flow-induced nucleocytoplasmic transport, providing a linkage between transcription factor localization and mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Haoran Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Qiusheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Chenxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Zhuqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Dongrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Ke Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Shangyu Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC)Peking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsStrategic Support Force Medical CenterBeijing100101China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Weili Hong
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Lisha Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
- School of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
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Zhou HL, Jiang XZ, Ventikos Y. Role of blood flow in endothelial functionality: a review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1259280. [PMID: 37905167 PMCID: PMC10613523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1259280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells, located on the surface of blood vessel walls, are constantly stimulated by mechanical forces from the blood flow. The mechanical forces, i.e., fluid shear stress, induced by the blood flow play a pivotal role in controlling multiple physiological processes at the endothelium and in regulating various pathways that maintain homeostasis and vascular function. In this review, research looking at different blood fluid patterns and fluid shear stress in the circulation system is summarized, together with the interactions between the blood flow and the endothelial cells. This review also highlights the flow profile as a response to the configurational changes of the endothelial glycocalyx, which is less revisited in previous reviews. The role of endothelial glycocalyx in maintaining endothelium health and the strategies for the restoration of damaged endothelial glycocalyx are discussed from the perspective of the fluid shear stress. This review provides a new perspective regarding our understanding of the role that blood flow plays in regulating endothelial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Zhuo Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Yan YC, Jiang CY, Chen RB, Ma BH, Deng JJ, Zheng SJ, Luo J. Highly Sensitive Flow Sensor Based on Flexible Dual-Layer Heating Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20226657. [PMID: 33233710 PMCID: PMC7699840 DOI: 10.3390/s20226657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hot film sensors detect the flow shear stress based on the forced convection heat transfer to the fluid. Current hot film sensors have been significantly hindered by the relatively low sensitivity due to the massive heat conduction to the substrate. This paper describes the design, fabrication, simulation, and testing of a novel flow sensor with dual-layer hot film structures. More specifically, the heat conduction was insulated from the sensing heater to the substrate by controlling both sensing and guarding heaters working at the same temperature, resulting in a higher sensitivity. The experiment and simulation results showed that the sensitivity of the dual-layer hot film sensor was significantly improved in comparison to the single-layer sensor. Additionally, the dual-layer sensor was designed and fabricated in an integrated, flexible, and miniaturized manner. Its small size makes it an excellent candidate for flow detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing-He Ma
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-7249-1381
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Jiang XZ, Luo KH, Ventikos Y. Principal mode of Syndecan-4 mechanotransduction for the endothelial glycocalyx is a scissor-like dimer motion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13376. [PMID: 31495068 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) plays a pivotal role in a plethora of diseases, like cardiovascular and renal diseases. One hallmark function of the EG as a mechanotransducer which transmits mechanical signals into cytoplasm has been documented for decades. However, the basic question - how the glycocalyx transmits the flow shear stress- is unanswered so far. Our aim is to shed light on the fundamental mode of signal transmission from flow to the endothelial cytoskeleton. METHODS We conduct a series of large-scale molecular dynamics computational experiments to investigate the dynamics of glycocalyx under varying conditions (changing blood flow velocities and shedding of glycocalyx sugar chains). RESULTS We have identified that the main pathway of signal transmission in this system manifests as a scissors-like motion of the Syndecan-4 core protein. Results have suggested that the force transmitted into the cytoskeleton with an order of 10 ~ 100 pN, and the main function of sugar chains of a glycocalyx element is to protect the core proteins from severe conformational changes thereby maintaining the functionality of the EG. CONCLUSION This research provides a reconciling explanation for a longstanding debate about the force transmission threshold based on our findings. A new explanation has also been provided to relate the role of the EG as a mechanotransducer to its function as a microvascular barrier: the EG regulates the mechanotransduction by altering the median value and variation range of the scissor angle, and the EG governs the microvascular barrier via controlling the scissor angle which will affect the intercellular cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Kai H. Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
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Jiang XZ, Gong H, Luo KH, Ventikos Y. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulation of coupled dynamics of flow and glycocalyx: towards understanding atomic events on an endothelial cell surface. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0780. [PMID: 29212760 PMCID: PMC5746579 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx has a prominent role in orchestrating multiple biological processes occurring at the plasma membrane. In this paper, an all-atom flow/glycocalyx system is constructed with the bulk flow velocity in the physiologically relevant ranges for the first time. The system is simulated by molecular dynamics using 5.8 million atoms. Flow dynamics and statistics in the presence of the glycocalyx are presented and discussed. Complex dynamic behaviours of the glycocalyx, particularly the sugar chains, are observed in response to blood flow. In turn, the motion of the glycocalyx, including swing and swirling, disturbs the flow by altering the velocity profiles and modifying the vorticity distributions. As a result, the initially one-dimensional forcing is spread to all directions in the region near the endothelial cell surface. Furthermore, the coupled dynamics exist not only between the flow and the glycocalyx but also within the glycocalyx molecular constituents. Shear stress distributions between one-dimer and three-dimer cases are also conducted. Finally, potential force transmission pathways are discussed based on the dynamics of the glycocalyx constituents, which provides new insight into the mechanism of mechanotransduction of the glycocalyx. These findings have relevance in the pathologies of glycocalyx-related diseases, for example in renal or cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Haipeng Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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Yang Y, Fan C, Deng C, Zhao L, Hu W, Di S, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Qin Z, Jin Z, Yan X, Jiang S, Sun Y, Yi W. Melatonin reverses flow shear stress-induced injury in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:228-41. [PMID: 26707568 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHVs) are a promising treatment for valvular heart disease, although their application is limited by high flow shear stress (FSS). Melatonin has a wide range of physiological functions and is currently under clinical investigation for expanded applications; moreover, extensive protective effects on the cardiovascular system have been reported. In this study, we investigated the protection conferred by melatonin supplementation against FSS-induced injury in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and elucidated the potential mechanism in this process. Melatonin markedly reduced BMSC apoptotic death in a concentration-dependent manner while increasing the levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and decreasing those of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), and caspase 3. Notably, melatonin exerted its protective effects by upregulating the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which promotes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation. Further molecular experiments revealed that luzindole, a nonselective antagonist of melatonin receptors, blocked the anti-FSS injury (anti-FSSI) effects of melatonin. Inhibition of AMPK by Compound C also counteracted the protective effects of melatonin, suggesting that melatonin reverses FSSI in BMSCs through the AMPK-dependent pathway. Overall, our findings indicate that melatonin contributes to the amelioration of FSS-induced BMSC injury by activating melatonin receptors and AMPK/ACC signaling. Our findings may provide a basis for the design of more effective strategies that promote the use of TEHCs in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chongxi Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shouyin Di
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhigang Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Departments of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Mondal N, Stolfa G, Antonopoulos A, Zhu Y, Wang SS, Buffone A, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Haslam SM, Dell A, Neelamegham S. Glycosphingolipids on Human Myeloid Cells Stabilize E-Selectin-Dependent Rolling in the Multistep Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:718-27. [PMID: 26868209 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies suggest that the E-selectin ligands expressed on human leukocytes may differ from those in other species, particularly mice. To elaborate on this, we evaluated the impact of glycosphingolipids expressed on human myeloid cells in regulating E-selectin-mediated cell adhesion. APPROACH AND RESULTS A series of modified human cell lines and primary neutrophils were created by targeting UDP-Glucose Ceramide Glucosyltransferase using either lentivirus-delivered shRNA or CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing. Enzymology and mass spectrometry confirm that the modified cells had reduced or abolished glucosylceramide biosynthesis. Glycomics profiling showed that UDP-Glucose Ceramide Glucosyltransferase disruption also increased prevalence of bisecting N-glycans and reduced overall sialoglycan expression on leukocyte N- and O-glycans. Microfluidics-based flow chamber studies demonstrated that both the UDP-Glucose Ceramide Glucosyltransferase knockouts and knockdowns display ≈60% reduction in leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion on E-selectin bearing stimulated endothelial cells, without altering cell adhesion to P-selectin. Consistent with the concept that the glycosphingolipids support slow rolling and the transition to firm arrest, inhibiting UDP-Glucose Ceramide Glucosyltransferase activity resulted in frequent leukocyte detachment events, skipping motion, and reduced diapedesis across the endothelium. Cells bearing truncated O- and N-glycans also sustained cell rolling on E-selectin, although their ability to be recruited from free fluid flow was diminished. CONCLUSIONS Glycosphingolipids likely contribute to human myeloid cell adhesion to E-selectin under fluid shear, particularly the transition of rolling cells to firm arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Mondal
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Gino Stolfa
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Aristotelis Antonopoulos
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Shuen-Shiuan Wang
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Alexander Buffone
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Anne Dell
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.)
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.M., G.S., Y.Z., S.-S.W., A.B., S.N.), Department of Chemistry (G.E.A.-G.), and The NY State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (S.N.), State University of New York, Buffalo; and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK (A.A., S.M.H., A.D.).
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