1
|
Zheng L, Mei W, Zhou J, Wei X, Huang Z, Lin X, Zhang L, Liu W, Wu Q, Li J, Yan Y. Fluorofenidone attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting lysosomal cathepsin‑mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:142. [PMID: 38476910 PMCID: PMC10928820 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, no antifibrotic drug in clinical use can effectively treat renal fibrosis. Fluorofenidone (AKFPD), a novel pyridone agent, significantly reduces renal fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome; however, the underlying mechanism of this inhibition is not fully understood. The present study aimed to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by AKFPD. It investigated the effect of AKFPD on NLRP3 activation and lysosomal cathepsins in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rat model, and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated HK-2 cells and murine peritoneal-derived macrophages (PDMs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ATP. The results confirmed that AKFPD suppressed renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in UUO rat kidney tissues. In addition, AKFPD reduced the production of activated caspase-1 and maturation of IL-1β by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in H/R-treated HK-2 cells and murine PDMs stimulated with LPS and ATP. AKFPD also decreased the activities of cathepsins B, L and S both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, AKFPD downregulated cathepsin B expression and NLRP3 colocalization in the cytoplasm after lysosomal disruptions. Overall, the results suggested that AKFPD attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting lysosomal cathepsin-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Mei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhijuan Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma WJ, Chen HY, Huang YL, Chen JM, Lu TB. Complexation of Fluorofenidone by Cucurbit[7]uril and β-Cyclodextrin: Keto-Enol Tautomerization to Enhance the Solubility. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4517-4527. [PMID: 37526016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is designed to compare drug encapsulation by cucurbit[7]uril and β-cyclodextrin, using fluorofenidone as a model drug. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to successfully determine the crystal structures of fluorofenidone·H+@cucurbit[7]uril Form, fluorofenidone@cucurbit[7]uril Form, and fluorofenidone@β-cyclodextrin Form. Keto-enol tautomerization of fluorofenidone mediated by cucurbit[7]uril in acid solution is confirmed by crystal structures, pH titration, and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. However, β-cyclodextrin cannot cause the keto-enol tautomerization of fluorofenidone under similar conditions. The phase solubility study demonstrates that cucurbit[7]uril has a much higher solubilization capacity for fluorofenidone than β-cyclodextrin in 0.1 M HCl since the Kc values of fluorofenidone with cucurbit[7]uril and β-cyclodextrin were 1223.97 ± 452.68 and 78.49 ± 10.56 M-1, respectively. Excellent solubility can be attributed to the keto-enol tautomerization of fluorofenidone under the conditions of cucurbit[7]uril in acid solution. The enol form of fluorofenidone is encapsulated by cucurbit[7]uril by hydrogen bonding interaction and hydrophobic interaction to increase binding affinity. Rat pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 7 h value of fluorofenidone@cucurbit[7]uril complex is 1.70-fold greater than that of free fluorofenidone, and the mean residence time from time 0 to 7 h is slightly prolonged from 1.29 to 1.76 h (P < 0.01) after oral administration. However, no significant difference is found between fluorofenidone and fluorofenidone@β-cyclodextrin complex. This work indicates that the induction of keto-enol tautomerization of drugs using macrocyclic molecules has the potential to be an effective method to improve their solubility and bioavailability, providing valuable insights for the application of macrocyclic molecules in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China
| | - Hua-Yu Chen
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tong-Bu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lv X, Yao T, He R, He Y, Li M, Han Y, Zhang Y, Long L, Jiang G, Cheng X, Xie Y, Huang L, Peng Z, Hu G, Li Q, Tao L, Meng J. Protective Effect of Fluorofenidone Against Acute Lung Injury Through Suppressing the MAPK/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:772031. [PMID: 34987397 PMCID: PMC8721041 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.772031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease that presents serious damage and excessive inflammation in lungs with high mortality without effective pharmacological therapy. Fluorofenidone (AKFPD) is a novel pyridone agent that has anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation, and other pharmacological activities, while the effect of fluorofenidone on ALI is unclarified. Here, we elucidated the protective effects and underlying mechanism of fluorofenidone on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. In this study, fluorofenidone alleviated lung tissue structure injury and reduced mortality, decreased the pulmonary inflammatory cell accumulation and level of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and attenuated pulmonary apoptosis in LPS-induced ALI mice. Moreover, fluorofenidone could block LPS-activated phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and P38 and further inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and P65. These results suggested that fluorofenidone can significantly contrast LPS-induced ALI through suppressing the activation of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, which indicates that fluorofenidone could be considered as a novel therapeutic candidate for ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Department of Respirology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rongling He
- Department of Respirology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijun He
- Department of Respirology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Department of Respirology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingzhi Long
- Department of Respirology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Department of Respirology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun Cheng
- Department of Respirology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanyun Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Organ Fibrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Organ Fibrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Organ Fibrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Organ Fibrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianbin Li
- Organ Fibrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Organ Fibrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Respirology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Organ Fibrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang F, Li S, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Wang T, Liu W. Fluorofenidone attenuates paraquat‑induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:405. [PMID: 33786626 PMCID: PMC8025463 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide that is severely toxic to humans and animals. Pulmonary fibrosis is a disorder that can result from PQ poisoning. Fluorofenidone (AKF‑PD) is a novel small molecule pyridone drug with a widespread and clear anti‑organ fibrosis effect; however, its mechanism of action on PQ poisoning‑induced pulmonary fibrosis is not clear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of AKF‑PD on PQ poisoning‑induced pulmonary fibrosis. Human alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) and Sprague‑Dawley rats were treated with AKF‑PD in the presence or absence of PQ. Hematoxylin‑eosin and Masson staining were used to observe the morphological changes in lung tissue. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and lactate dehydrogenase assays were used to evaluate the viability of HPAEpiC cells. ELISA was used to detect inflammatory factors and the collagen content. Finally, the effects of AKF‑PD on pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were evaluated via western blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. AKF‑PD effectively alleviated PQ‑induced pulmonary fibrosis and reduced the expression of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors. Moreover, AKF‑PD treatment effectively inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and upregulated autophagy. Overall, these findings suggested that AKF‑PD can alleviate PQ‑induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and by upregulating autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dai Q, Zhang Y, Liao X, Jiang Y, Lv X, Yuan X, Meng J, Xie Y, Peng Z, Yuan Q, Tao L, Huang L. Fluorofenidone Alleviates Renal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Necroptosis Through RIPK3/MLKL Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:534775. [PMID: 33390935 PMCID: PMC7772387 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.534775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death and sterile inflammation are major mechanisms of renal fibrosis, which eventually develop into end-stage renal disease. “Necroptosis” is a type of caspase-independent regulated cell death, and sterile inflammatory response caused by tissue injury is strongly related to necrosis. Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) is a novel compound shown to ameliorate renal fibrosis and associated inflammation. We investigated whether AKF-PD could alleviate renal fibrosis by inhibiting necroptosis. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was used to induce renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice. AKF-PD (500 mg/kg) or necrostatin-1 (Nec-1; 1.65 mg/kg) was administered simultaneously for 3 and 7 days. Obstructed kidneys and serum were harvested after euthanasia. AKF-PD and Nec-1 ameliorated renal tubular damage, inflammatory-cell infiltration, and collagen deposition, and the expression of proinflammatory factors (interlukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) decreased. AKF-PD or Nec-1 treatment protected renal tubular epithelial cells from necrosis and reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase in serum. Simultaneously, production of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) was also reduced 3 and 7 days after UUO. AKF-PD and Nec-1 significantly decreased the percentage of cell necrosis, inhibiting the phosphorylation of MLKL and RIPK3 in TNF-α- and Z-VAD–stimulated human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. In conclusion, AKF-PD and Nec-1 have effective anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity in UUO-induced renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, potentially mediated by the RIPK3/MLKL pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohua Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yupeng Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangning Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Respirology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanyun Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongjing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - LiJian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peng Y, Li L, Zhang X, Xie M, Yang C, Tu S, Shen H, Hu G, Tao L, Yang H. Fluorofenidone affects hepatic stellate cell activation in hepatic fibrosis by targeting the TGF-β1/Smad and MAPK signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:41-48. [PMID: 31258636 PMCID: PMC6566051 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to study the therapeutic impacts of fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) on pig serum (PS)-induced liver fibrosis in rats and the complex molecular mechanisms of its effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control, PS and PS/AKF-PD treatment groups. The activated human HSC LX-2 cell line was also treated with AKF-PD. The expression of collagen I and III, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was determined by immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Western blotting and/or RT-qPCR analyses were used to determine the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, α-SMA, collagen I, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)-3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). AKF-PD attenuated the degree of hepatic fibrosis and liver injury in vivo, which was associated with the downregulation of collagen I and III, and α-SMA at the mRNA and protein levels. In vitro, AKF-PD treatment significantly reduced the TGF-β1-induced activation of HSCs, as determined by the reduction in collagen I and α-SMA protein expression. The TGF-β1-induced upregulation of the phosphorylation of Smad 3, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK was attenuated by AKF-PD treatment. These findings suggested that AKF-PD attenuated the progression of hepatic fibrosis by suppressing HSCs activation via the TGF-β1/Smad and MAPK signaling pathways, and therefore that AKF-PD may be suitable for use as a novel therapeutic agent against liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan 415000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan 415000, P.R. China
| | - Congying Yang
- Department of Endoscopy Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Sha Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hong Shen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephropathy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Huixiang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lei D, Huang Y, Xie H, Yi Y, Long J, Lin S, Huang C, Jian D, Li J. Fluorofenidone inhibits UV-A induced senescence in human dermal fibroblasts via the mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent SIRT1 pathway. J Dermatol 2018; 45:791-798. [PMID: 29726032 PMCID: PMC6055727 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of fluorofenidone (5‐methyl‐1‐[3‐fluorophenyl]‐2‐[1H]‐pyridone, AKF‐PD) on ultraviolet (UV)‐A‐induced senescence in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and examine the mechanisms involved. HDF were treated with AKF‐PD. Senescence‐associated (SA)‐β‐galactosidase level, cell viability and expression of p16 were evaluated. In addition, UV‐A‐irradiated HDF were treated with AKF‐PD, rapamycin and MHY1485; SA‐β‐galactosidase staining, 3‐(4 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and western blot for SIRT1 were performed; and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p‐mTOR) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. Intracellular ROS was detected by the 2′,7′‐dichlorofluroescein diacetate probe. Our results showed that AKF‐PD substantially attenuated the changes of p16 expression, SA‐β‐galactosidase staining and cellular proliferation induced by UV‐A irradiation in HDF. AKF‐PD rescued the increased mTOR phosphorylation and reduced SIRT1 expression induced by UV‐A irradiation in HDF. AKF‐PD and rapamycin together had a synergistic effect on p‐mTOR reduction and SIRT1 increase. mTOR activator MHY1485 partly blocked the above effects. Moreover, intracellular ROS level induced by UV‐A irradiation could partly decrease by AKF‐PD, and MHY1485 could reduce this effect. Our results indicated that AKF‐PD could alleviate HDF senescence induced by UV‐A‐irradiation by inhibiting the p‐mTOR and increasing SIRT1. Moreover, AKF‐PD may be a potential treatment material for skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingxue Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Long
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shangqing Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuchu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Jian
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang J, Li J, Li G, Zhang H, Wang L, Li D, Ding J. Spermidine-mediated poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles containing fluorofenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6687-6704. [PMID: 28932114 PMCID: PMC5598552 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s140569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive, fatal lung disease with poor survival. The advances made in deciphering this disease have led to the approval of different antifibrotic molecules, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib. An increasing number of studies with particles (liposomes, nanoparticles [NPs], microspheres, nanopolymersomes, and nanoliposomes) modified with different functional groups have demonstrated improvement in lung-targeted drug delivery. In the present study, we prepared, characterized, and evaluated spermidine (Spd)-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs as carriers for fluorofenidone (AKF) to improve the antifibrotic efficacy of this drug in the lung. Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs were prepared and functionalized by modified solvent evaporation with Spd and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-PLGA groups. The size of Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs was 172.5±4.3 nm. AKF release from NPs was shown to fit the Higuchi model. A549 cellular uptake of an Spd-coumarin (Cou)-6-PLGA NP group was found to be almost twice as high as that of the Cou-6-PLGA NP group. Free Spd and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) were preincubated in A549 cells to prove uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs via a polyamine-transport system. As a result, the uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs significantly decreased with increased Spd concentrations in incubation. At higher Spd concentrations of 50 and 500 µM, uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs reduced 0.34- and 0.49-fold from that without Spd pretreatment. After pretreatment with DFMO for 36 hours, cellular uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs reached 1.26-fold compared to the untreated DFMO group. In a biodistribution study, the drug-targeting index of Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs in the lung was 3.62- and 4.66-fold that of AKF-PLGA NPs and AKF solution, respectively. This suggested that Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs accumulated effectively in the lung. Lung-histopathology changes and collagen deposition were observed by H&E staining and Masson staining in an efficacy study. In the Spd-AKF-PLGA NP group, damage was further improved compared to the AKF-PLGA NP group and AKF-solution group. The results indicated that Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs are able to be effective nanocarriers for anti-pulmonary fibrosis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changsha Medical University
| | - Jianming Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Guo Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Dai Li
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song C, He L, Zhang J, Ma H, Yuan X, Hu G, Tao L, Zhang J, Meng J. Fluorofenidone attenuates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis via inhibiting the activation of NALP3 inflammasome and IL-1β/IL-1R1/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:2064-2077. [PMID: 27306439 PMCID: PMC5082399 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐1β plays an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The production of IL‐1β is dependent upon caspase‐1‐containing multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes and IL‐1R1/MyD88/NF‐κB pathway. In this study, we explored whether a potential anti‐fibrotic agent fluorofenidone (FD) exerts its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrotic effects through suppressing activation of NACHT, LRR and PYD domains‐containing protein 3 (NALP3) inflammasome and the IL‐1β/IL‐1R1/MyD88/NF‐κB pathway in vivo and in vitro. Male C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally injected with Bleomycin (BLM) or saline. Fluorofenidone was administered throughout the course of the experiment. Lung tissue sections were stained with haemotoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome. Cytokines were measured by ELISA, and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), fibronectin, collagen I, caspase‐1, IL‐1R1, MyD88 were measured by Western blot and/or RT‐PCR. The human actue monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP‐1) were incubated with monosodium urate (MSU), with or without FD pre‐treatment. The expression of caspase‐1, IL‐1β, NALP3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing (ASC) and pro‐caspase‐1 were measured by Western blot, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected using the Flow Cytometry, and the interaction of NALP3 inflammasome‐associated molecules were measured by Co‐immunoprecipitation. RLE‐6TN (rat lung epithelial‐T‐antigen negative) cells were incubated with IL‐1β, with or without FD pre‐treatment. The expression of nuclear protein p65 was measured by Western blot. Results showed that FD markedly reduced the expressions of IL‐1β, IL‐6, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), α‐SMA, fibronectin, collagen I, caspase‐1, IL‐1R1 and MyD88 in mice lung tissues. And FD inhibited MSU‐induced the accumulation of ROS, blocked the interaction of NALP3 inflammasome‐associated molecules, decreased the level of caspase‐1 and IL‐1β in THP‐1 cells. Besides, FD inhibited IL‐1β‐induced the expression of nuclear protein p65. This study demonstrated that FD, attenuates BLM‐induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice via inhibiting the activation of NALP3 inflammasome and the IL‐1β/IL‐1R1/MyD88/ NF‐κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lujuan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Nephrology Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangning Yuan
- Department of Nephrology Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Pharmaceutical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qin J, Xie YY, Huang L, Yuan QJ, Mei WJ, Yuan XN, Hu GY, Cheng GJ, Tao LJ, Peng ZZ. Fluorofenidone inhibits nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate oxidase via PI3K/Akt pathway in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2014; 18:690-9. [PMID: 23841831 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. The nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) family is considered one of the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of a novel anti-fibrotic agent, Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD), upon Nox-mediated oxidative stress and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the development of renalinterstitial fibrosis. METHODS AKF-PD was used to treat renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) obstructive nephropathy in rats. The expression of Nox homologues, p-Akt, collagen I and III were detected by immunoblotting or immunohistochemistry. Levels of 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha (8-Iso PGF2a) was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, ROS and the expression of collagen I (1a), Nox subunits and p-Akt was measured in angiotensin (Ang) II-stimulated rat proximal tubular epithelial (NRK-52E) cells in culture. RESULTS AKF-PD treatment significantly attenuated tubulo-interstitial injury, ECM deposition and oxidative stress in fibrotic rat kidneys. In addition, AKF-PD inhibited the expression of ROS, Collagen I (1a), Nox2, p-Akt in Ang II-stimulated NRK-52E cells. CONCLUSION AKF-PD attenuates the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis partly by suppressing NADPH oxidase and ECM deposition via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, suggesting AKF-PD is a potential novel therapeutic agent against renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qin
- Division of Nephropathy, Department of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peng Y, Yang H, Wang N, Ouyang Y, Yi Y, Liao L, Shen H, Hu G, Wang Z, Tao L. Fluorofenidone attenuates hepatic fibrosis by suppressing the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G253-63. [PMID: 24337009 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00471.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) is a novel pyridone agent. The purpose of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects of AKF-PD on liver fibrosis in rats and the involved molecular mechanism related to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine or CCl4 were randomly divided into normal, model, AKF-PD treatment, and pirfenidone (PFD) treatment groups. The isolated primary rat HSCs were treated with AKF-PD and PFD respectively. Cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were determined by Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, and real-time RT-PCR. The expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p27(kip1) and phosphorylation of MEK, ERK, Akt, and 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) were detected by Western blot. AKF-PD significantly inhibited PDGF-BB-induced HSC proliferation and activation by attenuating the expression of collagen I and α-SMA, causing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, reducing expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and promoting expression of p27(kip1). AKF-PD also downregulated PDGF-BB-induced MEK, ERK, Akt, and p70S6K phosphorylation in HSCs. In rat liver fibrosis, AKF-PD alleviated hepatic fibrosis by decreasing necroinflammatory score and semiquantitative score, and reducing expression of collagen I and α-SMA. AKF-PD attenuated the progression of hepatic fibrosis by suppressing HSCs proliferation and activation via the ERK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. AKF-PD may be used as a potential novel therapeutic agent against liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|