1
|
Bian B, Zhou F, Li X. Jitter-Caused Clutter and Drift-Caused Clutter of Staring Infrared Sensor in Geostationary Orbit. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115278. [PMID: 37300005 DOI: 10.3390/s23115278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For staring infrared sensors in geostationary orbit, the clutter caused by the high-frequency jitter and low-frequency drift of the sensor line-of-sight (LOS) is the impact of background features, sensor parameters, LOS motion characteristics, and background suppression algorithms. In this paper, the spectra of LOS jitter caused by cryocoolers and momentum wheels are analyzed, and the time-related factors such as the jitter spectrum, the detector integration time, the frame period, and the temporal differencing background suppression algorithm are considered comprehensively; they are combined into a background-independent jitter-equivalent angle model. A jitter-caused clutter model in the form of multiplying the background radiation intensity gradient statistics by the jitter-equivalent angle is established. This model has good versatility and high efficiency and is suitable for the quantitative evaluation of clutter and the iterative optimization of sensor design. Based on satellite ground vibration experiments and on-orbit measured image sequences, the jitter-caused clutter and drift-caused clutter models are verified. The relative deviation between the model calculation and the actual measurement results is less than 20%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Bian
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paddubskaya A, Batrakov K, Khrushchinsky A, Kuten S, Plyushch A, Stepanov A, Remnev G, Shvetsov V, Baah M, Svirko Y, Kuzhir P. Outstanding Radiation Tolerance of Supported Graphene: Towards 2D Sensors for the Space Millimeter Radioastronomy. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11010170. [PMID: 33440905 PMCID: PMC7826657 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on a stack of graphene sheets separated by polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) slabs. The exceptional absorption ability of such a heterostructure in the THz range makes it promising for use in a graphene-based THz bolometer to be deployed in space. A hydrogen/carbon ion beam was used to simulate the action of protons and secondary ions on the device. We showed that the graphene sheets remain intact after irradiation with an intense 290 keV ion beam at the density of 1.5 × 1012 cm−2. However, the THz absorption ability of the graphene/PMMA multilayer can be substantially suppressed due to heating damage of the topmost PMMA slabs produced by carbon ions. By contrast, protons do not have this negative effect due to their much longer mean free pass in PMMA. Since the particles’ flux at the geostationary orbit is significantly lower than that used in our experiments, we conclude that it cannot cause tangible damage of the graphene/PMMA based THz absorber. Our numerical simulations reveal that, at the geostationary orbit, the damaging of the graphene/PMMA multilayer due to the ions bombardment is sufficiently lower to affect the performance of the graphene/PMMA multilayer, the main working element of the THz bolometer, which remains unchanged for more than ten years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Paddubskaya
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str. 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (K.B.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (A.P.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantin Batrakov
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str. 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (K.B.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (A.P.); (P.K.)
- Radiophysics Department, Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Arkadiy Khrushchinsky
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str. 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (K.B.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (A.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Semen Kuten
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str. 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (K.B.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (A.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Artyom Plyushch
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str. 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (K.B.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (A.P.); (P.K.)
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrey Stepanov
- Research and Production Laboratory “Pulse-Beam, Electric Discharge and Plasma Technologies”, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Gennady Remnev
- Research and Production Laboratory “Pulse-Beam, Electric Discharge and Plasma Technologies”, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Valery Shvetsov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia;
| | - Marian Baah
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (M.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (M.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str. 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (K.B.); (A.K.); (S.K.); (A.P.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (M.B.); (Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horne RB, Phillips MW, Glauert SA, Meredith NP, Hands ADP, Ryden KA, Li W. Realistic Worst Case for a Severe Space Weather Event Driven by a Fast Solar Wind Stream. Space Weather 2018; 16:1202-1215. [PMID: 31031572 PMCID: PMC6473668 DOI: 10.1029/2018sw001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Satellite charging is one of the most important risks for satellites on orbit. Satellite charging can lead to an electrostatic discharge resulting in component damage, phantom commands, and loss of service and in exceptional cases total satellite loss. Here we construct a realistic worst case for a fast solar wind stream event lasting 5 days or more and use a physical model to calculate the maximum electron flux greater than 2 MeV for geostationary orbit. We find that the flux tends toward a value of 106 cm-2·s-1·sr-1 after 5 days and remains high for another 5 days. The resulting flux is comparable to a 1 in 150-year event found from an independent statistical analysis of electron data. Approximately 2.5 mm of Al shielding would be required to reduce the internal charging current to below the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-recommended guidelines, much more than is currently used. Thus, we would expect many satellites to report electrostatic discharge anomalies during such an event with a strong likelihood of service outage and total satellite loss. We conclude that satellites at geostationary orbit are more likely to be at risk from fast solar wind stream event than a Carrington-type storm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Li
- Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|