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Lin SY, Ahmad N, Jeffrey Kuo CF. Study of Synthesis of Dual-Curing Thermoplastic Polyurethane Hot-Melt Adhesive and Optimization by Using Gray Relational Analysis to Apply in Fabric Industry to Solve Seamless Bonding Issues. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:467. [PMID: 38399845 PMCID: PMC10892432 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
People wear clothes for warmth, survival and necessity in modern life, but in the modern era, eco-friendliness, shortened production times, design and intelligence also matter. To determine the relationship between data series and verify the proximity of each data series, a gray relational analysis, or GRA, is applied to textiles, where seamless bonding technology enhances the bond between components. In this study, a polyurethane prepolymer, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA) as an end-capping agent and n-octyl acrylate (ODA) as a photoinitiator were used to synthesize a dual-curing polyurethane hot-melt adhesive. Taguchi quality engineering and a gray relational analysis were used to discuss the influence of different mole ratios of NCO:OH and the effect of the molar ratio of the addition of octyl decyl acrylate on the mechanical strength. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed the termination of the prepolymer's polymerization reaction and the C=O peak intensity at 1730 cm-1, indicating efficient bonding to the main chain. Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) was used to investigate the high-molecular-weight (20,000-30,000) polyurethane polymer bonded with octyl decyl acrylate to achieve a photothermosetting effect. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the thermal decomposition temperature of the polyurethane hot-melt adhesive also increased, and they showed the highest pyrolysis temperature (349.89 °C) for the polyhydric alcohols. Furthermore, high peel strength (1.68 kg/cm) and shear strength (34.94 kg/cm2) values were detected with the dual-cure photothermosetting polyurethane hot-melt adhesive. The signal-to-noise ratio was also used to generate the gray relational degree. It was observed that the best parameter ratio of NCO:OH was 4:1 with five moles of monomer. The Taguchi quality engineering method was used to find the parameters of single-quality optimization, and then the gray relation calculation was used to obtain the parameter combination of multi-quality optimization for thermosetting the polyurethane hot-melt adhesive. The study aims to meet the requirements of seamless bonding in textile factories and optimize experimental parameter design by setting target values that can effectively increase production speed and reduce processing time and costs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (N.A.)
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Wang L, Cheng P, Zhao Q. Research on Fatigue-Healing Performance of Asphalt Mixture Based on the Semicircular Bending Test. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6382. [PMID: 37834522 PMCID: PMC10573486 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the self-healing performance of macroscopic fractures of asphalt mixtures, semicircular bending (SCB) tests were used to test 90# base asphalt mixtures, SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) modified asphalt mixtures, and SBS + CR (Chloroprene Rubber) composite modified asphalt mixtures. The F-H-F (the asphalt mixture specimen was fatigued for a certain number of times, then healed under certain conditions, and then fatigued until destroyed) test was carried out, and the fatigue life recovery rate of the fatigue test before and after healing was defined as the healing index (HI). The gray correlation analysis method was used to judge the influence degree of influencing factors on fatigue-healing according to the correlation index. The results show the type of asphalt has the most significant influence on the healing ability of the asphalt mixture. In the case of complete healing, the fatigue-healing performance of the SBS + CR composite modified asphalt mixture was the best, followed by the SBS-modified asphalt mixture, and 90# base asphalt. When the healing temperature is close to the softening point of asphalt, the healing performance of 90# base asphalt is better when the healing temperature is low. When the healing time is longer, the healing performance is better, and there is an optimal healing time. The healing index decreased with the increase in the degree of damage. When the degree of damage is too large, the asphalt mixture will be difficult to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (P.C.); (Q.Z.)
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Chen Z, Jing L, Gao Y, Huang Y, Guo J, Yan X. Impact of Cryogenic Treatment Process on the Performance of 51CrV4 Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4399. [PMID: 37374582 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The working load on automotive components is continuously rising, and the mechanical performance requirements for component materials are rising along with the growth trend toward light weight and high dependability in automobiles. In this study, the response characteristics of 51CrV4 spring steel were taken to be its hardness, wear resistance, tensile strength, and impact toughness. Prior to tempering, cryogenic treatment was introduced. Through the Taguchi method and gray relational analysis, the ideal process parameters were discovered. The ideal process variables were the following: a cooling rate of 1 °C/min, a cryogenic temperature of -196 °C, a holding time of 24 h, and a cycle number of three. An analysis of variance revealed that the holding time had the greatest effect on the material properties, with an effect of 49.01%. The yield limit of 51CrV4 was increased by 14.95% and the tensile strength was increased by 15.39% with this group of processes, and the wear mass loss was reduced by 43.32%. The mechanical qualities had a thorough upgrade. Microscopic analysis revealed that cryogenic treatment resulted in refinement of the martensite structure and significant differences in orientation. Additionally, bainite precipitation occurred, exhibiting a fine needle-like distribution, which positively influenced impact toughness. Analysis of the impact fracture surface showed that cryogenic treatment led to an increase in dimple diameter and depth. Further analysis of the elements revealed that calcium (Ca) weakened the negative effect of sulfur (S) on 51CrV4 spring steel. The overall improvement in material properties provides guidance for practical production applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan Science and Technology University, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Linwang Jing
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan Science and Technology University, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yao Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan Science and Technology University, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Technical Insitute of Physics and Chenmistry, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianguo Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan Science and Technology University, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Ba H, Guo L, Huan H, Zhang S, Lin Z. Multi-Objective Optimization of Epoxy Resin Adhesive for Pavement Toughened by Self-Made Toughening Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081946. [PMID: 37112093 PMCID: PMC10146785 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin adhesive for pavement is often insufficient in flexibility and toughness. Therefore, a new type of toughening agent was prepared to overcome this shortcoming. To achieve the best toughening effect of a self-made toughening agent on an epoxy resin adhesive, its ratio to the epoxy resin needs to be optimally selected. A curing agent, a toughening agent, and an accelerator dosage were chosen as independent variables. The epoxy resin's adhesive tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength, and flexural deflection were used as response values to establish a single-objective prediction model of epoxy resin mechanical property indexes. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the single-objective optimal ratio and analyze the effect of factor interaction on epoxy resin adhesive's performance indexes. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), multi-objective optimization was performed using gray relational analysis (GRA) to construct a second-order regression prediction model between the ratio and gray relational grade (GRG) to determine the optimal ratio and to validate it. The results showed that the multi-objective optimization using response surface methodology and gray relational analysis (RSM-GRA) was more effective than the single-objective optimization model. The optimal ratio of epoxy resin adhesive was 100 parts of epoxy resin, 160.7 parts curing agent, 16.1 parts toughening agent, and 3.0 parts accelerator. The measured tensile strength was 10.75 MPa, elongation at break was 23.54%, the bending strength was 6.16 MPa, and the bending deflection was 7.15 mm. RSM-GRA has excellent accuracy for epoxy resin adhesive ratio optimization and can provide a reference for the epoxy resin system ratio optimization design of complex components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqiang Ba
- CRCC Yunnan Investment Co., Ltd., Kunming 650299, China
| | - Luxin Guo
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Haiyang Huan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Agapovichev AV, Khaimovich AI, Smelov VG, Kokareva VV, Zemlyakov EV, Babkin KD, Kovchik AY. Multiresponse Optimization of Selective Laser Melting Parameters for the Ni-Cr-Al-Ti-Based Superalloy Using Gray Relational Analysis. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2088. [PMID: 36903202 PMCID: PMC10004078 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective laser melting technology is of great interest in the aerospace industry since it allows the implementation of more complex part geometries compared to the traditional technologies. This paper presents the results of studies to determine the optimal technological parameters for scanning a Ni-Cr-Al-Ti-based superalloy. However, due to a large number of factors affecting the quality of the parts obtained by selective laser melting technology, the optimization of the technological parameters of the scanning is a difficult task. In this work, the authors made an attempt to optimize the technological scanning parameters which will simultaneously correspond to the maximum values of the mechanical properties ("More is better") and the minimum values of the dimensions of the microstructure defect ("Less is better"). Gray relational analysis was used to find the optimal technological parameters for scanning. Then, the resulting solutions were compared. As a result of the optimization of the technological parameters of the scanning by the gray relational analysis method, it was found that the maximum values of the mechanical properties were achieved simultaneously with the minimum values of the dimensions of a microstructure defect, at a laser power of 250 W and a scanning speed of 1200 mm/s. The authors present the results of the short-term mechanical tests for the uniaxial tension of the cylindrical samples at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Agapovichev
- Engine Production Technology Department, Samara National Research University, 34 Moskovskoye Shosse, 443086 Samara, Russia
- Turbomachinery and Heat Transfer Laboratory, Aerospace Engineering Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alexander I. Khaimovich
- Engine Production Technology Department, Samara National Research University, 34 Moskovskoye Shosse, 443086 Samara, Russia
| | - Vitaliy G. Smelov
- Engine Production Technology Department, Samara National Research University, 34 Moskovskoye Shosse, 443086 Samara, Russia
| | - Viktoriya V. Kokareva
- Engine Production Technology Department, Samara National Research University, 34 Moskovskoye Shosse, 443086 Samara, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Zemlyakov
- World-Class Research Center “Advanced Digital Technologies”, State Marine Technical University, 190121 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin D. Babkin
- World-Class Research Center “Advanced Digital Technologies”, State Marine Technical University, 190121 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Y. Kovchik
- World-Class Research Center “Advanced Digital Technologies”, State Marine Technical University, 190121 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Sun M, Ye Y, Zhang G, Xue Y, Shang X. Measuring the efficiency of public hospitals: A multistage data envelopment analysis in Fujian Province, China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1091811. [PMID: 36960360 PMCID: PMC10027719 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the operational efficiency of public hospitals in Fujian Province and the factors responsible for the inefficiency of these hospitals and provide relevant suggestions for health policymakers in allocating service resources. Method In the first stage of the research, the variables affecting the efficiency of hospitals were extracted by qualitative and quantitative methods, including literature optimization, gray related analysis and gray clustering evaluation. In the second stage, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was used to evaluate the operational efficiency of 49 hospitals of different levels and types selected by sampling in 2020. Finally, a Tobit regression model with introduced institutional factors and background factors was established to study the main influencing factors of hospital inefficiency. Results In the first stage, 10 input variables and 10 output variables necessary from the mangers' point of view were identified to test efficiency. In the second stage, the average comprehensive TE, PTE, and SE of 49 sample hospitals was 0.802, 0.888, and 0.902, respectively. 22.45% of these hospitals met the effective criteria, i.e., the overall effective rate was 22.45%. The low SE value of the hospital was the main reason hindering the improvement of the comprehensive efficiency value. The overall effective rate of secondary public hospitals (30.77%) was higher than that of tertiary public hospitals (19.44%), and the overall effective rate of public specialized hospitals (30%) was higher than that of general public hospitals (18.92%). Based on the third stage results, the bed occupancy rate (BOR) and the proportion of beds (POB) were major factors affecting the operation efficiency of grade III hospitals (p < 0.01). However, the operating efficiency of grade II hospitals was significantly affected by POB and regional per capita GDP(GDPPC) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the impact of BOR and GDPPC was positive, and POB was negatively correlated with hospital operation efficiency. Conclusions The study results indicated that the overall operation efficiency of public hospitals in Fujian Province is low. This study revealed that intervention should be strengthened from a policy and management perspective to improve the operation efficiency of public hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Sun
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaojun Ye
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yaojun Ye
| | - Guangdi Zhang
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Operation and Management Office, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Yuan Xue
| | - Xiuling Shang
- The Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Xiuling Shang
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7
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Zhang J, Liang R, Lau N, Lei Q, Yip J. A Systematic Analysis of 3D Deformation of Aging Breasts Based on Artificial Neural Networks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:468. [PMID: 36612790 PMCID: PMC9819929 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The measurement and prediction of breast skin deformation are key research directions in health-related research areas, such as cosmetic and reconstructive surgery and sports biomechanics. However, few studies have provided a systematic analysis on the deformations of aging breasts. Thus, this study has developed a model order reduction approach to predict the real-time strain of the breast skin of seniors during movement. Twenty-two women who are on average 62 years old participated in motion capture experiments, in which eight body variables were first extracted by using the gray relational method. Then, backpropagation artificial neural networks were built to predict the strain of the breast skin. After optimization, the R-value for the neural network model reached 0.99, which is within acceptable accuracy. The computer-aided system of this study is validated as a robust simulation approach for conducting biomechanical analyses and predicting breast deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruixin Liang
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Newman Lau
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiwen Lei
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joanne Yip
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Hiyane-Nashiro G, Hernández-Hernández M, Rojas-García J, Rodriguez-Resendiz J, Álvarez-Alvarado JM. Optimization of the Reduction of Shrinkage and Warpage for Plastic Parts in the Injection Molding Process by Extended Adaptive Weighted Summation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235133. [PMID: 36501530 PMCID: PMC9740879 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumer market has changed drastically in recent times. Consumers are becoming more demanding, and many companies are competing to be market leaders. Therefore, companies must reduce rejects and minimize their operating costs. One problem that arises in producing plastic parts is controlling deformation, mainly in the form of shrinkage due to the material and warpage associated with the geometry of the parts. This work presents a novel extended adaptive weighted sum method (EAAWSM: Extended Adaptive Weighted Summation Method) integrated into a Pareto front model. The performance of this model is evaluated against three other conventional optimization methods-Taguchi-Gray (TG), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Model Optimization by Genetic Algorithm (MOGA)-and compared with EAAWSM. Two response variables and three input factors are considered to be analyzed: material melting temperature, mold temperature, and filling time. Subsequently, the performance is compared and its behavior observed using Moldflow® simulation. The results show that with the EAAWSM method, the shrinkage is 15.75% and the warpage is 3.847 mm, regarding the manufacturing process parameters of a plastic part. This proposed deterministic model is easy to use to optimize two or more output variables, and its results are straightforward and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Hiyane-Nashiro
- CIATEQ A. C. Plasticos y Materiales Avanzados, Av. Del Retablo 150, Querétaro 76150, Mexico
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | | | - José Rojas-García
- CIATEQ A. C. Plasticos y Materiales Avanzados, Av. Del Retablo 150, Querétaro 76150, Mexico
| | - Juvenal Rodriguez-Resendiz
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-442-192-1200
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Lin M, Chen H, Jia L, Yang M, Qiu S, Song H, Wang L, Zheng T. Using a grey relational analysis in an improved Grunow-Finke assessment tool to detect unnatural epidemics. Risk Anal 2022; 43:1508-1517. [PMID: 36100578 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Grunow-Finke epidemiological assessment tool (GFT) has several limitations in its ability to differentiate between natural and man-made epidemics. Our study aimed to improve the GFT and analyze historical epidemics to validate the model. Using a gray relational analysis (GRA), we improved the GFT by revising the existing standards and adding five new standards. We then removed the artificial weights and final decision threshold. Finally, by using typically unnatural epidemic events as references, we used the GRA to calculate the unnatural probability and obtain assessment results. Using the advanced tool, we conducted retrospective and case analyses to test its performance. In the validation set of 13 historical epidemics, unnatural and natural epidemics were divided into two categories near the unnatural probability of 45%, showing evident differences (p < 0.01) and an assessment accuracy close to 100%. The unnatural probabilities of the Ebola virus disease of 2013 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome of 2012 were 30.6% and 36.1%, respectively. Our advanced epidemic assessment tool improved the accuracy of the original GFT from approximately 55% to approximately 100% and reduced the impact of human factors on these outcomes effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Lin
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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Li Z, Gao L, Lu W, Wang D, Cao H, Zhang G. Estimation of Knee Extension Force Using Mechanomyography Signals Based on GRA and ICS-SVR. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22124651. [PMID: 35746432 PMCID: PMC9231143 DOI: 10.3390/s22124651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During lower-extremity rehabilitation training, muscle activity status needs to be monitored in real time to adjust the assisted force appropriately, but it is a challenging task to obtain muscle force noninvasively. Mechanomyography (MMG) signals offer unparalleled advantages over sEMG, reflecting the intention of human movement while being noninvasive. Therefore, in this paper, based on MMG, a combined scheme of gray relational analysis (GRA) and support vector regression optimized by an improved cuckoo search algorithm (ICS-SVR) is proposed to estimate the knee joint extension force. Firstly, the features reflecting muscle activity comprehensively, such as time-domain features, frequency-domain features, time–frequency-domain features, and nonlinear dynamics features, were extracted from MMG signals, and the relational degree was calculated using the GRA method to obtain the correlation features with high relatedness to the knee joint extension force sequence. Then, a combination of correlated features with high relational degree was input into the designed ICS-SVR model for muscle force estimation. The experimental results show that the evaluation indices of the knee joint extension force estimation obtained by the combined scheme of GRA and ICS-SVR were superior to other regression models and could estimate the muscle force with higher estimation accuracy. It is further demonstrated that the proposed scheme can meet the need of muscle force estimation required for rehabilitation devices, powered prostheses, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Li
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.G.); (D.W.); (H.C.)
- Department of Science Island, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Electrical and Photoelectric Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an 237012, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Lifu Gao
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.G.); (D.W.); (H.C.)
- Department of Science Island, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.G.); (D.W.); (H.C.)
- Department of Science Island, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Daqing Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.G.); (D.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Huibin Cao
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (L.G.); (D.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Gang Zhang
- School of Electrical and Photoelectric Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an 237012, China;
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Zhang J, Li H, Jiao G, Wang J, Li J, Li M, Jiang H. Spatial Pattern of Technological Innovation in the Yangtze River Delta Region and Its Impact on Water Pollution. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19127437. [PMID: 35742685 PMCID: PMC9224302 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The impact of technological innovation on water pollution is an important parameter to determine and monitor while promoting and furthering a region’s economic development. Here, exploratory spatial data analysis was used to analyze: the spatial patterns of technological innovation and water pollution in the Yangtze River, the changes in technical innovation and the resulting changes in water pollution, and the impact of technological innovation on water pollution. The following major inferences were drawn from the obtained results: (1) The spatial pattern of innovation input has a single-center structure that tends to spread. The patent innovation output has evolved, from a single spatial pattern with Shanghai as the core to a diffusion structure with three cores-Hangzhou, Shanghai, and Nanjing. (2) The aggregation mode of water pollution has evolved from the original “Z” mode to a new mode of core agglomeration, and water pollution is constantly being reduced. (3) The trends of change in patent innovation output and innovation input are roughly the same, while the trends of both and that of water pollution are contrary to each other. (4) The correlations between innovation input, patented innovation output, and water pollution are relatively low. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the number of cities with medium and high levels of gray correlation with water pollution is the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- School of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (J.Z.); (G.J.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Heng Li
- School of Economics and Management, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Guoxin Jiao
- School of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (J.Z.); (G.J.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Jiayi Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (J.Z.); (G.J.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (J.Z.); (G.J.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengzhen Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (J.Z.); (G.J.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Haining Jiang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China;
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12
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Huang WT, Tasi ZY, Ho WH, Chou JH. Integrating Taguchi Method and Gray Relational Analysis for Auto Locks by Using Multiobjective Design in Computer-Aided Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:644. [PMID: 35160633 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In automobiles, lock parts are matched with inserts, and this is a crucial quality standard for the dimensional accuracy of the molding. This study employed moldflow analysis to explore the influence of various injection molding process parameters on the warpage deformation. Deformation of the plastic part is caused by the nonuniform product temperature distribution in the manufacturing process. Furthermore, improper parameter design leads to substantial warpage and deformation. The Taguchi robust design method and gray correlation analysis were used to optimize the process parameters. Multiobjective quality analysis was performed for achieving a uniform temperature distribution and reducing the warpage deformation to obtain the optimal injection molding process parameters. Subsequently, three water cooling system designs—original cooling, U-shaped cooling, and conformal cooling—were tested to modify the temperature distribution and reduce the warpage. Taguchi gray correlation analysis revealed that the main influencing parameter was the mold temperature followed by the holding pressure. Moreover, the results indicated that the conformal cooling system improved the average temperature distribution.
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13
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Yin SX, Wei LF, Mei YQ, Liu XH, Zou LS, Cai ZC, Yuan JH, Ge HT, Wang DG, Wang DD. [Simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents in Abelmoschi Corolla by UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2021; 46:2527-2536. [PMID: 34047100 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20201225.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive analytical method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous determination of the content of 38 active components in Abelmoschi Corolla, including flavonoids, organic acids, nucleosides and amino acids, so as to investigate the effects of different harvesting and processing methods on multi-active components in Abelmoschi Corolla. The chromatographic separation was performed on a XBridg®C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) with(0.1% formic acid water) methanol-acetonitrile(1∶1) as the mobile phase for gradient elution at 30 ℃. The flow rate was 0.5 mL·min~(-1). The components were detected in a multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. The gray relational analysis(GRA) was used to comprehensively evaluate the multiple active components of Abelmoschi Corolla at different harvesting times and drying temperatures. The results showed that 38 components had a good linearity with correlation coefficients all above 0.999 0. The method featured a good precision, repeatability and stability with the relative stan-dard deviations(RSDs) of less than 5.0%. Recoveries ranged from 98.06% to 104.4% with RSD between 0.22% and 4.9%. The results of GRA indicated that a better quality in the samples collected on September 9 th. Samples dried at 90 ℃ had a better quality. The established method is accurate and reliable, and can be used to assess the internal quality of Abelmoschi Corolla. This study can provide basic materials for determining appropriate harvesting time and processing method of Abelmoschi Corolla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xin Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Fang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Qi Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xun-Hong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Si Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Chen Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Huan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hai-Tao Ge
- Jiangsu Suzhong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Taizhou 225500, China
| | - Dian-Guang Wang
- Jiangsu Suzhong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Taizhou 225500, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Jiangsu Suzhong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Taizhou 225500, China
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14
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Hong J, Mu T, Sun H, Richel A, Blecker C. Valorization of the green waste parts from sweet potato ( Impoea batatas L.): Nutritional, phytochemical composition, and bioactivity evaluation. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:4086-4097. [PMID: 32884690 PMCID: PMC7455964 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, leaves from 13 sweet potato cultivars were collected as raw materials. The nutritional and functional composition, antioxidant activity, and sunscreen activity of different sweet potato leaf samples were determined, and the comprehensive nutritional quality was calculated by gray relational analysis. Results showed that the nutritional and functional components are significantly different between different cultivars. Tainong71 showed the highest comprehensive nutritional quality, followed by Fu22, Ningcai, Fu23, Ecai10, Zhecai726, Ecai1, Fu18, Pushu53, Guangcai5, Shulv1, Guangcai2, and Zhecai1. The antioxidant activity varied from 3.94 to 16.75 g Trolox equivalent/100 g dry weight. Pushu53 showed the highest sunscreen activity, with the sun protection factor 24.65. There was a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and sunscreen activity (r = .737, p = .004). In conclusion, sweet potato leaves possess high nutritional and functional properties, and have the huge potential to be used as green leafy vegetables and sunscreen agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Hong
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition ScienceInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Biological and Industrial Chemistry UnitGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
- Department of Food Science and FormulationGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Taihua Mu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition ScienceInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
| | - Hongnan Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition ScienceInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
| | - Aurore Richel
- Biological and Industrial Chemistry UnitGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Department of Food Science and FormulationGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
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15
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Mei YQ, Wei LF, Zou LS, Liu XH, Li JS, Chen JL, Tan MX, Wang CC, Cai ZC, Zhang FR. [Analysis and evaluation of dynamic accumulation of multiple bioactive constituents in Spatholobi Caulis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2020; 45:584-595. [PMID: 32237517 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20191107.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A method was established for simultaneous determination of 21 active constituents including flavanols, isoflavones, flavonols, dihydroflavones, dihydroflavonols, chalcones, pterocarpan, anthocyanidins and phenolic acids in Spatholobi Caulis by ultra fast liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). Then, it was employed to analyze and evaluate the dynamic accumulation of multiple bioactive constituents in Spatholobi Caulis. The chromatographic separation was performed on a XBridge®C_(18)(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) at 30 ℃ with a gradient elution of 0.3% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL·min~(-1), using multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. A comprehensive evaluation of the multiple bioactive constituents was carried out by gray correlation analysis(GRA). The 21 target components showed good linearity(r>0.999 0) in the range of the tested concentrations. The average recovery rates of the 21 components were from 97.46% to 103.6% with relative standard deviations less than 5.0%. There were differences in the contents of 21 components in Spatholobi Caulis at diffe-rent harvest periods. Spatholobi Caulis had high quality from early November to early December, which is consistent with the local tradi-tional harvest period. This study reveals the rule of the dynamic accumulation of 21 components in Spatholobi Caulis and provides basic information for the suitable harvest time. At the same time, it provides a new method reference for the comprehensive evaluation of the internal quality of Spatholobi Caulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Fang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Si Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xun-Hong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Li
- Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guilin 542500, China
| | - Jia-Li Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng-Xia Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Chen Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Deng F, Fang Y, Xu L, Li Z. Tourism, Transportation and Low-Carbon City System Coupling Coordination Degree:A Case Study in Chongqing Municipality, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E792. [PMID: 32012836 PMCID: PMC7036963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tourism and transportation have extremely complex interactions. Tourism developments have expanded demand and stimulated transportation development, which has consequently affected the environment of cities striving towards low-carbon sustainable development. Therefore, there has been an increased research focus on the coordinated binary development of the tourism and transportation industries to ensure sustainable low-carbon cities. To this end also this paper first developed a comprehensive evaluation index system with three subsystems, seven aspects, and 31 indicators. Then, entropy weight and gray correlation were combined to determine the index weights and a physics coupling concept employed to build a tourism, transportation and low-carbon city (TTLC) coupling coordination degree model, which was then applied to quantitatively analyze the coupling and evolutionary trends in Chongqing's TTLC efforts from 2008 to 2017. It was found that the overall coupling coordination was volatile and rising, and that industry scale, industry performance, and energy consumption had the most significant impact on the coupled systems, indicating that these key factors must be considered in macro decision-making. In general, it was shown that the combination of the coupling coordination degree model and entropy weight gray correlation was able to effectively evaluate dynamic coupling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Deng
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (F.D.); (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- The Economy and Enterprise Development Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (F.D.); (Y.F.); (L.X.)
| | - Lin Xu
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (F.D.); (Y.F.); (L.X.)
| | - Zhi Li
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (F.D.); (Y.F.); (L.X.)
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17
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Zhang M, Yi J, Feng D. Reasonable thickness design of expressway pavement structures based on gray relation analysis of subgrade soil improvement. Sci Prog 2020; 103:36850419878078. [PMID: 31829871 PMCID: PMC10453710 DOI: 10.1177/0036850419878078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the design of pavement structures, determining a reasonable thickness for pavement layers is critical. When an expressway is to be built in an area with a poor soil foundation, a reasonable subgrade treatment will make the pavement more durable. However, determining the optimal thickness of subgrade treatment is a difficult task for designers. A thicker treatment means a huge cost increase for the project, whereas a thinner treatment cannot achieve significant improvement in the mechanical behavior of pavement structures. This study used the finite-element method to analyze the mechanical response of real field pavement with subgrade treatments at certain depths. The study used an orthogonal design and gray relational theory to analyze the design indicators and make a better design for the pavement structure of a field expressway. The numerical calculation index and theoretical analysis results show that the treatment depth of subgrade soil has a significant influence on the stresses in an asphalt pavement structure and the bottom tensile strains of the asphalt layers. Therefore, designing a pavement structure with equal structural strength, using a reasonable depth for the cement-treated subgrade, instead of increasing the asphalt layer's thickness, is a more cost-effective solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- School of Engineering, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Junyan Yi
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Decheng Feng
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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18
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Li J, Yue Y, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Fan L, Chai Z, Song C, Dong H, Yan S, Gao X, Xu Q, Yao J, Wang Z, Wang X, Hou P, Huang L. Illumination/Darkness-Induced Changes in Leaf Surface Potential Linked With Kinetics of Ion Fluxes. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1407. [PMID: 31787996 PMCID: PMC6854870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A highly reproducible plant electrical signal-light-induced bioelectrogenesis (LIB) was obtained by means of periodic illumination/darkness stimulation of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves. By stimulating the same position of the same leaf with different concentrations of NaCl, we observed that the amplitude and waveform of the LIB was correlated with the intensity of stimulation. This method allowed us to link dynamic ion fluxes induced by periodic illumination/darkness to salt stress. The self-referencing ion electrode technique was used to explore the ionic mechanisms of the LIB. Fluxes of H+, Ca2+, K+, and Cl- showed periodic changes under periodic illumination/darkness before and after 50 mM NaCl stimulation. Gray relational analysis was used to analyze correlations between each of these ions and LIB. The results showed that different ions are involved in surface potential changes at different stages under periodic illumination/darkness. The gray relational grade reflected the contribution of each ion to the change in surface potential at a certain time period. The ion fluxes data obtained under periodic illumination/darkness stimulation will contribute to the future development of a dynamic model for interpretation of electrophysiological events in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yue
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Fan
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chai
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Song
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Dong
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixian Yan
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiepeng Yao
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peichen Hou
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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19
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Yan Y, Cai H, Zhao H, Chen C, Zou L, Liu X, Chai C, Wang S, Hua Y. Quality evaluation of Eucommiae Cortex processed by different methods and "sweating" conditions based on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with gray relational analysis. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1050-1062. [PMID: 29205854 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Eucommiae Cortex is a classical traditional Chinese medicine, which needs to be processed by "sweating" methods. To select the suitable processing method and "sweating" processing condition for Eucommiae Cortex, in this study, the quality of Eucommiae Cortex was evaluated based on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with gray relational analysis. The contents of lignans, iridoids, penylpropanoids, flavonoids, and phenols in samples were simultaneously determined using ultra-fast performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Synergiۛ Hydro-RP 100 Å column (100 mm × 2.0 mm, 2.5 μm) at 30°C with a gradient elution of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid/0.1% aqueous formic acid as the mobile phase. Furthermore, gray relational analysis was performed to evaluate and sort the samples according to the contents of 14 constituents by calculating the relative correlation degree of each sample. The results demonstrated that the quality of Eucommiae Cortex "sweating" at source area was better and the better "sweating" condition was to scrape off the cork layer before "sweating" with straw covering and sun drying. The developed method could provide the foundation and support for "sweating" processing method of Eucommiae Cortex in normalization and standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuihua Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lisi Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xunhong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Chai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujiao Hua
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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