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Austin C, Curtin P, Arora M, Reichenberg A, Curtin A, Iwai-Shimada M, Wright RO, Wright RJ, Remnelius KL, Isaksson J, Bölte S, Nakayama SF. Elemental Dynamics in Hair Accurately Predict Future Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: An International Multi-Center Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237154. [PMID: 36498727 PMCID: PMC9740182 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition diagnosed in approximately 2% of children. Reliance on the emergence of clinically observable behavioral patterns only delays the mean age of diagnosis to approximately 4 years. However, neural pathways critical to language and social functions develop during infancy, and current diagnostic protocols miss the age when therapy would be most effective. We developed non-invasive ASD biomarkers using mass spectrometry analyses of elemental metabolism in single hair strands, coupled with machine learning. We undertook a national prospective study in Japan, where hair samples were collected at 1 month and clinical diagnosis was undertaken at 4 years. Next, we analyzed a national sample of Swedish twins and, in our third study, participants from a specialist ASD center in the US. In a blinded analysis, a predictive algorithm detected ASD risk as early as 1 month with 96.4% sensitivity, 75.4% specificity, and 81.4% accuracy (n = 486; 175 cases). These findings emphasize that the dynamics in elemental metabolism are systemically dysregulated in autism, and these signatures can be detected and leveraged in hair samples to predict the emergence of ASD as early as 1 month of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Austin
- Linus Biotechnology Inc., New York, NY 10013, USA
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Linus Biotechnology Inc., New York, NY 10013, USA
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Manish Arora
- Linus Biotechnology Inc., New York, NY 10013, USA
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Seaver Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Austen Curtin
- Linus Biotechnology Inc., New York, NY 10013, USA
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miyuki Iwai-Shimada
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karl Lundin Remnelius
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 11330 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Bölte
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 11330 Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 11861 Stockholm, Sweden
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Shoji F. Nakayama
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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