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Temsah MH, Alenezi S, Alarabi M, Aljamaan F, Alhasan K, Assiri R, Bassrawi R, Alshahrani F, Alhaboob A, Alaraj A, Alharbi NS, Alrabiaah A, Halwani R, Jamal A, Abdulmajeed N, Alfarra L, Almashdali W, Al-Eyadhy A, AlZamil F, Alsubaie S, Barry M, Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA. Healthcare Workers' SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Uncertainty-Related Stress, Resilience, and Coping Strategies during the First Week of the World Health Organization's Alert. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19041944. [PMID: 35206135 PMCID: PMC8872197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant emerged and spread globally at an alarming speed, healthcare workers' (HCWs) uncertainties, worries, resilience, and coping strategies warranted assessment. The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe psychological impact on HCWs, including the development of Post-Traumatic Stress symptoms. Specific subgroups of HCWs, such as front-line and female workers, were more prone to poor mental health outcomes and difficulties facing stress. METHODS The responses to an online questionnaire among HCWs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) were collected from 1 December 2021 to 6 December 2021, aiming to assess their uncertainties, worries, resilience, and coping strategies regarding the Omicron variant. Three validated instruments were used to achieve the study's goals: the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), the Standard Stress Scale (SSS), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS)-Short Form. RESULTS The online survey was completed by 1285 HCWs. Females made up the majority of the participants (64%). A total of 1285 HCW's completed the online survey from all regions in KSA. Resilient coping scored by the BRCS was negatively and significantly correlated with stress as scored by the SSS (r = -0.313, p < 0.010). Moreover, intolerance of uncertainty scored by the IUS positively and significantly correlated with stress (r = 0.326, p < 0.010). Increased stress levels were linked to a considerable drop in resilient coping scores. Furthermore, being a Saudi HCW or a nurse was linked to a significant reduction in resilient coping ratings. Coping by following healthcare authorities' preventative instructions and using the WHO website as a source of information was linked to a considerable rise in resilient coping. CONCLUSIONS The negative association between resilient coping and stress was clearly shown, as well as how underlying intolerance of uncertainty is linked to higher stress among HCWs quickly following the development of a new infectious threat. The study provides early insights into developing and promoting coping strategies for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
- Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuliweeh Alenezi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarabi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadi Aljamaan
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Critical Care Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhasan
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Rasha Assiri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rolan Bassrawi
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Fatimah Alshahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhaboob
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Ali Alaraj
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medicine, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 11643, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser S. Alharbi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Abdulkarim Alrabiaah
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amr Jamal
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdulmajeed
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Alfarra
- Department of Ob-Gyn, Dr. Abdul Rahman Al Mishari Hospital, Riyadh 12241, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wafa Almashdali
- Department of Ob-Gyn, Dr. Fatina Imran Medical Complex, Doha 233, Qatar;
| | - Ayman Al-Eyadhy
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Fahad AlZamil
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Sarah Alsubaie
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Mazin Barry
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (K.A.); (F.A.); (A.A.); (N.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.J.); (A.A.-E.); (F.A.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ziad A. Memish
- King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia;
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq
- Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia;
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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