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Foltan M, Nikisch A, Dembianny J, Miano AL, Heinze J, Klar D, Göbölös L, Lehle K, Schmid C. A solution for global hygienic challenges regarding the application of heater-cooler systems in cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2023; 38:28-36. [PMID: 34256647 PMCID: PMC9841820 DOI: 10.1177/02676591211033483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
71.759 surgical procedures were performed in 2019 with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass in Germany. To adjust the patient's body temperature on extracorporeal circulation, the application of a heater-cooler unit (HCU) is mandatory. However, in case of insufficient sanitisation of HCU, life-threatening infections can be transmitted by the device to the patients, including Legionella bacteria, Mycobacterium chimaera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To avoid disease transmission, as a requirement for safe medical practice established by regulatory authorities, HCUs must be regularly disinfected by hazardous chemicals posing a danger for both handling humans and the environment. Therefore, to comply with regulations, HCU manufacturers have introduced both timely and financially extensive sanitisation procedures. Our paper describes a novel, effective and easy to handle disinfection method for the above problematics without utilising hazardous chemicals. The method's technical principle is electrolysis, resulting in drinking water quality regarding the analysed germs in the worldwide most commonly utilised heater-cooler device. The main aim of the study was to prove the efficacy and reliability of the device cleansing process. Furthermore, the economic impact of the novel method was evaluated. Therefore, we have undertaken 60 microbiological sampling series between December 2019 and November 2020 from a conventional HCU (3T LivaNova, Germany). During the total investigational period, no contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Legionellae could have been demonstrated in the HCU. The extreme slow-growing nontuberculous M. chimaera was detected only in one sample obtained from diamond electrode cleansed HCU water, and source of contamination was promptly eliminated by a simple technical modification of the device test-site. Additionally, the diamond electrode application is beneficial for eliminating potentially hazardous cleansing material from the process, which may affect otherwise both patients operated on cardiopulmonary bypass and the perfusionists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Foltan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany,Maik Foltan, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, Regensburg 93042, Germany.
| | - André Nikisch
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dembianny
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Miano
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Heinze
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Klar
- Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infectology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laszlo Göbölös
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karla Lehle
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christof Schmid
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Ditommaso S, Giacomuzzi M, Memoli G, Zotti CM. Real-time PCR, the best approaches for rapid testing for Mycobacterium chimaera detection in heater cooler units and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2020; 36:626-629. [PMID: 33054627 DOI: 10.1177/0267659120963878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to recent investigations, the risk of M. chimaera contamination of heater-cooler units (HCUs) has reached global proportions. Our aim was to field evaluate a protocol for early detection of M. chimaera contamination. We assessed the presence of viable M. chimaera in 395 water samples obtained from 48 devices (HCUs and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) by Real Time PCR. Thirty devices were NTM positive, of which 14 were contaminated with M. chimaera. The most frequently contaminated devices were the Stockert 3T. Noteworthy, Stockert 3T devices were positive for M. chimaera. In conclusion, this study introduces novel PMA-PCR designed to specifically detect M. chimaera in HCUs and ECMO devices; this method can replace the culture method for continuous microbiological surveillance. The timely detection of M. chimaera contamination can then be used to improve effective management of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Ditommaso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Giacomuzzi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Memoli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carla M Zotti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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3
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Colucciello M. Mycobacterium chimaera chorioretinitis as a biomarker of systemic disease activity following nosocomial acquisition during cardiopulmonary bypass. Postgrad Med 2019; 132:167-171. [PMID: 31766930 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1697545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To understand the role of ophthalmoscopic examination (dilated retina examination and widefield fundus photography) in the diagnosis and management of nosocomial acquisition of Mycobacterium chimaera following open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass utilizing a heater-cooler unit, an entity that is associated with >50% mortality during the worldwide outbreak that has occurred since 2013.Methods: Case report with review of previous cases.Results: Signature Mycobacterium chimaera chorioretinal lesions can be used as a diagnostic sign and a biomarker for assessment of treatment efficacy.Conclusions: Ophthalmologic examination can play a key role in diagnosis and management of systemic Mycobacterium chimaera following cardiopulmonary bypass; such examinations may yield earlier diagnosis, diminishing mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Colucciello
- Clinical Associate, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Retina Specialist, Vantage Eye Care, South Jersey Eye Physicians Division, Moorestown, NJ, USA
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4
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Overton K, Mennon V, Mothobi N, Neild B, Martinez E, Masters J, Grant P, Akhunji Z, Su WY, Torda A, Whyte CM, Lloyd A, Weatherall C, Hofmeyr A, Foo H, Brookes K, Marriott D, Sintchenko V, Clezy K, Konecny P, Post JJ. Cluster of invasive Mycobacteria chimaera infections following cardiac surgery demonstrating novel clinical features and risks of aortic valve replacement. Intern Med J 2019; 48:1514-1520. [PMID: 30517986 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is a global outbreak of infections due to Mycobacterium chimaera associated with cardiac surgery. The most serious infections involve prosthetic material implantation, and all have followed surgical procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass. We describe a cluster of four cases following cardiac surgery at a tertiary referral centre in Sydney, Australia. We report novel clinical findings, including haemolysis and kidney rupture possibly related to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The positive effect of corticosteroids on haemodynamic function in two cases and the failure of currently recommended antimicrobial therapy to sterilise prosthetic valve material in the absence of surgery despite months of treatment are also critically examined. Positron emission tomography was positive in two cases despite normal transoesophageal echocardiograms. The proportion of cases with M. chimaera infection after aortic valve replacement (4/890, 0.45%; 95% confidence interval 0.18-1.15%) was significantly higher than after all other cardiothoracic surgical procedures (0/2433, 0%; 95% confidence interval 0-0.16%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Overton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vidthyia Mennon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nomvuyo Mothobi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Blake Neild
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elena Martinez
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Masters
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Grant
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zakir Akhunji
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei-Yuen Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrienne Torda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudia M Whyte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Lloyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Weatherall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann Hofmeyr
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hong Foo
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Brookes
- Clinical Governance Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, The Sutherland Hospital, Caringbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Debbie Marriott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Clezy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pam Konecny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Post
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Colangelo N, Giambuzzi I, Moro M, Pasqualini N, Aina A, De Simone F, Blasio A, Alfieri O, Castiglioni A, De Bonis M. Mycobacterium chimaera in heater-cooler units: new technical approach for treatment, cleaning and disinfection protocol. Perfusion 2018; 34:272-276. [PMID: 30541392 DOI: 10.1177/0267659118814691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium chimaera infections have mainly been associated with the heater-cooler unit (HCU) and, ultimately, linked to contaminated aerosols in the operation room. The contamination status of HCUs seems to be influenced by the maintenance, therefore, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, peracetic acid (Puristeril) was introduced to increase HCU cleaning and disinfection protocol maintenance. Aerosol dispersion from Puristeril during maintenance can cause adverse effects to nearby workers. We aim to describe our technique to reduce the impact of Puristeril on operating room staff and to limit dispersion of its aerosol in the environment by performing the cleaning procedure through a closed circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Colangelo
- 1 Extracorporeal Circulation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giambuzzi
- 2 Department of Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Moro
- 3 Infection Control Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Neva Pasqualini
- 4 Prevention and Protection, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aina
- 1 Extracorporeal Circulation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco De Simone
- 1 Extracorporeal Circulation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Blasio
- 2 Department of Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio Alfieri
- 2 Department of Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele De Bonis
- 2 Department of Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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6
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association of Mycobacterium chimaera infection in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the use of heater-cooler units (HCU) has been reported in various literature. We described microbiological monitoring and the extent of microbiological contamination of HCUs utilized in our centre and strategies employed to reduce the high microbial load. METHODS Since August 2016, we have been following the new Instructions for Use from the manufacturer for the cleaning and disinfection of three units of Stöckert 3T and four units of Stöckert 1T HCU at the National Heart Centre Singapore. Microbiological monitoring began in January 2017 and included acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, total colony and total coliform count. Methods, such as increasing disinfection frequency and making the HCU inactive by keeping it empty in storage, were used to reduce the high colony count. RESULTS All three units of Stöckert 3T and two units of Stöckert 1T were contaminated with Mycobacterium chimaera. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and total coliform count were consistently <1 colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mL in every water sample of each HCU. High colony counts were encountered initially in all units. Step-up frequency of disinfection was found to be not as effective as keeping the HCU inactive in bringing the total colony count to an acceptable level. CONCLUSIONS All monitoring and maintenance measures of HCUs need to be established and maintained to mitigate potential infection risks to patients. Strict adherence to all cleaning and disinfection processes and keeping the HCU inactive maintained the water quality of the HCU at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanee Chan
- 1 National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Kit Yi Chiu
- 1 National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
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Trudzinski FC, Schlotthauer U, Kamp A, Hennemann K, Muellenbach RM, Reischl U, Gärtner B, Wilkens H, Bals R, Herrmann M, Lepper PM, Becker SL. Clinical implications of Mycobacterium chimaera detection in thermoregulatory devices used for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), Germany, 2015 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21. [PMID: 27918254 PMCID: PMC5144944 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.46.30398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium chimaera, a non-tuberculous mycobacterium, was recently identified as causative agent of deep-seated infections in patients who had previously undergone open-chest cardiac surgery. Outbreak investigations suggested an aerosol-borne pathogen transmission originating from water contained in heater-cooler units (HCUs) used during cardiac surgery. Similar thermoregulatory devices are used for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and M. chimaera might also be detectable in ECMO treatment settings. We performed a prospective microbiological study investigating the occurrence of M. chimaera in water from ECMO systems and in environmental samples, and a retrospective clinical review of possible ECMO-related mycobacterial infections among patients in a pneumological intensive care unit. We detected M. chimaera in 9 of 18 water samples from 10 different thermoregulatory ECMO devices; no mycobacteria were found in the nine room air samples and other environmental samples. Among 118 ECMO patients, 76 had bronchial specimens analysed for mycobacteria and M. chimaera was found in three individuals without signs of mycobacterial infection at the time of sampling. We conclude that M. chimaera can be detected in water samples from ECMO-associated thermoregulatory devices and might potentially pose patients at risk of infection. Further research is warranted to elucidate the clinical significance of M. chimaera in ECMO treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska C Trudzinski
- Department of Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, ECLS Center Saar, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Uwe Schlotthauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Annegret Kamp
- Department of Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, ECLS Center Saar, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Kai Hennemann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ralf M Muellenbach
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Campus Kassel of the University Hospital of Southampton, Kassel, Germany
| | - Udo Reischl
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Gärtner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Heinrike Wilkens
- Department of Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, ECLS Center Saar, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, ECLS Center Saar, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp M Lepper
- Department of Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, ECLS Center Saar, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sören L Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Kanamori H, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Healthcare-Associated Mycobacterium chimaera Transmission and Infection Prevention Challenges: Role of Heater-Cooler Units as a Water Source in Cardiac Surgery. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 64:343-346. [PMID: 27927869 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kanamori
- Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, and.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - David J Weber
- Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, and.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - William A Rutala
- Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, and .,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
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