1
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR, Mohd OB, Elayan R, Albakri K, Huneiti N, Daraghmeh F, Al-khatatbeh E, Al-thnaibat M. Etiologies, Gross Appearance, Histopathological Patterns, Prognosis, and Best Treatments for Subtypes of Renal Carcinoma: An Educational Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e32338. [PMID: 36627997 PMCID: PMC9825816 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all primary renal neoplasms, 80-85% are renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), which develop in the renal cortex. There are more than 10 histological and molecular subtypes of the disease, the most frequent of which is clear cell RCC, which also causes most cancer-related deaths. Other renal neoplasms, including urothelial carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, and renal sarcoma, each affect a particular age group and have specific gross and histological features. Due to the genetic susceptibility of each of these malignancies, early mutation discovery is necessary for the early detection of a tumor. Furthermore, it is crucial to avoid environmental factors leading to each type. This study provides relatively detailed and essential information regarding each subtype of renal carcinoma.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bagias G, Kanavidis P, Vailas M, Despotidis M, Sotiropoulou M, Katsaros I, Maroulis I, Filippou D, Schizas D. Surgical management of familial pancreatic cancer: a systematic review of the literature. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:2816-2821. [PMID: 35758214 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The fact that the vast majority of patients with PDAC are diagnosed at an advanced stage highlights the need of early diagnosis. As hereditary factors are associated with approximately 5% of all PDAC cases, a screening programme to these high-risk individuals (HRI) has been proposed. The aim of screening methods is to identify selected group of patients with morphological abnormalities at an early stage, in order to be treated promptly. In this study, we evaluate the surgical outcomes and the appropriateness of pancreatic resection in HRIs who were selected for screening. METHODS A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed. The clinicopathological features were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS Six studies were selected for data collection. A total number of 77 patients were identified. Twenty-one patients had a germline mutation, with CDKN2A being the most prominent one (15.6%). Distal pancreatectomy was the most common surgical procedure (42.8%), followed by pancreaticoduodenectomy (33.8%). The mean disease-free survival was 23.6 months and tumour recurrence occurred in 9 patients (11.7%). Disease-specific mortality was 17.8%, while overall mortality was 19.5%. The most frequently reported postoperative diagnosis was PDAC (28 cases, 38.9%), followed by IPMN (23 cases, 31.9%), whereas high-grade PanIN lesions were found in 13 patients (18.1%). CONCLUSION High-risk individuals for pancreatic cancer, who are eventually operated may have a relatively uneventful postoperative course, however the oncological outcomes are comparable to the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Bagias
- Third Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Prodromos Kanavidis
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Vailas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Markos Despotidis
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Sotiropoulou
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Katsaros
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Maroulis
- Department of Surgery, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Filippou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Šerman N, Vranić S, Glibo M, Šerman L, Mokos ZB. Genetic risk factors in melanoma etiopathogenesis and the role of genetic counseling: A concise review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2022; 22:673-682. [PMID: 35465855 PMCID: PMC9519167 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2021.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer originating from melanocytes. Its etiopathogenesis is strongly related to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Melanomas encountered in clinical practice are predominantly sporadic, whereas hereditary melanomas account for approximately 10% of the cases. Hereditary melanomas mainly develop due to mutations in the CDKN2A gene, which encodes two tumor suppressor proteins involved in the cell cycle regulation. CDKN2A, along with CDK4, TERT, and POT1 genes, is a high-risk gene for melanoma. Among the genes that carry a moderate risk are MC1R and MITF, whose protein products are involved in melanin synthesis. The environment also contributes to the development of melanoma. Patients at risk of melanoma should be offered genetic counseling to discuss genetic testing options and the importance of skin UV protection, avoidance of sun exposure, and regular preventive dermatological examinations. Although cancer screening cannot prevent the development of the disease, it allows for early diagnosis when the survival rate is the highest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Semir Vranić
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mislav Glibo
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Šerman
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Bukvić Mokos
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Turin CG, Crenshaw MM, Fishbein L. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: germline genetics and hereditary syndromes. Endocr Oncol 2022; 2:R65-R77. [PMID: 37435466 PMCID: PMC10259326 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors arising from the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal ganglia, respectively. Approximately 15-25% of PCC/PGL can become metastatic. Up to 30-40% of patients with PCC/PGL have a germline pathogenic variant in a known susceptibility gene for PCC/PGL; therefore, all patients with PCC/PGL should undergo clinical genetic testing. Most of the susceptibility genes are associated with variable penetrance for PCC/PGL and are associated with different syndromes, which include susceptibility for other tumors and conditions. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the germline susceptibility genes for PCC/PGL, the associated clinical syndromes, and recommended surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie G Turin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Molly M Crenshaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Combined Pediatrics-Medical Genetics Residency Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren Fishbein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abbass MA, Leach B, Church JM. The Second Allele: A Key to Understanding the Timing of Sporadic and Hereditary Colorectal Tumorigenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1515. [PMID: 34680910 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular basis of colorectal neoplasia is derived from Mendelian genetics, with tumor suppressor genes contributing more to the deregulation of growth than oncogenes. In patients with hereditary syndromes, expression of one allele of a key tumor suppressor gene is absent at birth. The loss of the expression of the second allele precipitates tumorigenesis. However, there are multiple ways in which the expression of the second allele of a tumor suppressor gene is lost. Here, we review these ways and their possible effect on phenotype.
Collapse
|
6
|
Purrington KS, Schwartz AG, Ruterbusch JJ, Manning MA, Nair M, Wenzlaff AS, Pandolfi SS, Simon MS, Beebe-Dimmer J. Patterns of cancer family history and genetic counseling eligibility among African Americans with breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers: A Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors cohort study. Cancer 2020; 126:4744-4752. [PMID: 32749684 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history (FH) remains one of the strongest risk factors for many common cancers and is used to determine cancer genetic counseling (CGC) eligibility, but the understanding of familial cancer patterns in African Americans is limited. METHODS This study evaluated cancer FH among African Americans with invasive breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, or colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) cohort. Associations between participant cancer type, site-specific FH, and meeting national guidelines for CGC were evaluated via logistic regression. Cancer FH patterns were evaluating via hierarchical clustering. RESULTS Among 1500 ROCS participants, 71% reported at least 1 first-degree relative or grandparent with cancer. FHs of breast cancer, CRC, lung cancer, and prostate cancer were most common among participants with the same diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] for breast cancer, 1.14; P < .001; OR for CRC, 1.08; P = .003; OR for lung cancer, 1.09; P = .008; OR for prostate cancer, 1.14; P < .001). Nearly half of the participants (47%) met national CGC guidelines, and 24.4% of these participants met CGC criteria on the basis of their cancer FH alone. FH was particularly important in determining CGC eligibility for participants with prostate cancer versus breast cancer (OR for FH vs personal history alone, 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.94-4.35; P < .001). In clustering analyses, breast and prostate cancer FH-defined clusters were common across all participants. Clustering of CRC and breast cancer FHs was also observed. CONCLUSIONS ROCS participants reported high rates of cancer FH. The high rate of eligibility for CGC among ROCS participants supports the need for interventions to increase referrals and uptake of CGC among African Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Purrington
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Julie J Ruterbusch
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mark A Manning
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mrudula Nair
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Angela S Wenzlaff
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Stephanie S Pandolfi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael S Simon
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jennifer Beebe-Dimmer
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes with known associated mutated genes, associated cancer risks, and current screening and prevention current. DATA SOURCES Online search of PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Medline, review of the literature for each syndrome described. CONCLUSION Hereditary colon cancer accounts for approximately 10% of all colorectal cancers in the United States. There are multiple hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes known with respective associated genetic mutations, cancer risks, and screening and prevention recommendations. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses at all levels of practice need to be knowledgeable about the various hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes to guide appropriate referral to a genetics professional and to provide appropriate care to these high-risk individuals.
Collapse
|
8
|
Camilli M, Papadimitriou K, Nogueira A, Incorvaia L, Galvano A, D'Antonio F, Ferri J, Santini D, Silvestris N, Russo A, Peeters M, Rolfo C. Molecular profiling of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETS) and the clinical potential. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:471-478. [PMID: 29629846 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1463157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) represent a small part of pancreatic neoplasms, and the knowledge about their indolent clinical course remains a subject of investigation. They occur sporadically or as part of familial cancer syndromes and are classified by WHO in 3 categories. There is ongoing research to understand their molecular profiling and leading mutations. Areas covered: The aim of this review is to clarify the overall aspects of tumorigenesis, to expose the latest developments in understanding the course of the disease and the possible therapeutic implications of these. The review also discusses functional and non-functional pNETs and associated inherited syndromes as well as pNET molecular profiling and its possible guidance in the use of targeted therapy. Expert commentary: In the next decade, a more extensive application of new technologies will help improve quality of life and survival, individualizing treatment protocols and identifying which therapeutic strategy is more suitable for each kind of NET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Nogueira
- c Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department , Antwerp University Hospital & Center for Oncological Research (CORE) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Lorena Incorvaia
- d Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Galvano
- d Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Federica D'Antonio
- a Department of Oncology , University Campus Biomedico of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Jose Ferri
- c Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department , Antwerp University Hospital & Center for Oncological Research (CORE) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Daniele Santini
- c Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department , Antwerp University Hospital & Center for Oncological Research (CORE) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- e Medical Oncology Department , Oncological institute Giovanni Paolo II , Bari , Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- d Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Marc Peeters
- b Oncology Department , Antwerp University Hospital , Edegem , Belgium
| | - Christian Rolfo
- c Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department , Antwerp University Hospital & Center for Oncological Research (CORE) , Antwerp , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benej M, Zambo I, Bílek O, Capov I. Soft tissue metastasis of mediastinal non-functioning paraganglioma with unusual TTF-1 expression: a potential diagnostic pitfall. POL J PATHOL 2017; 68:354-8. [PMID: 29517207 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2017.73931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic extra-adrenal paragangliomas are very rare and can represent diagnostic challenges. We report a case of 69-year-old man with a tumor of the right shoulder. Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the diagnosis of paraganglioma. Surprisingly, tumor cells were diffusely thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) positive. Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B (SDHB) deficiency has not been detected. Inherited syndromes associated with paragangliomas were ruled out. The primary tumor was identified in the mediastinum. This is the first report of TTF-1 expression in paraganglioma. To avoid misdiagnosis, careful clinical and pathological examination of any tumor with organoid growths pattern is necessary.
Collapse
|
10
|
Petejova N, Martinek A. Renal cell carcinoma: Review of etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 160:183-94. [PMID: 26558360 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The global incidence of renal cell cancer is increasing annually and the causes are multifactorial. Early diagnosis and successful urological procedures with partial or total nephrectomy can be life-saving. However, only up to 10% of RCC patients present with characteristic clinical symptoms. Over 60% are detected incidentally in routine ultrasound examination. The question of screening and preventive measures greatly depends on the cause of the tumor development. For the latter reason, this review focuses on etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors for renal neoplasm. METHODS A literature search using the databases Medscape, Pubmed, UpToDate and EBSCO from 1945 to 2015. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Genetic predisposition/hereditary disorders, obesity, smoking, various nephrotoxic industrial chemicals, drugs and natural/manmade radioactivity all contribute and enviromental risks are a serious concern in terms of prevention and the need to screen populations at risk. Apropos treatment, current oncological research is directed to blocking cancer cell division and inhibiting angiogenesis based on a knowledge of molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Petejova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Martinek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Macaron C, Leach BH, Burke CA. Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes and genetic testing. J Surg Oncol 2014; 111:103-11. [PMID: 24975382 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in the Western world. Approximately 5-10% of CRC are hereditary, due to a defined genetic cause. Individuals and families affected with a hereditary CRC syndrome exhibit benign and malignant extra-intestinal tumors, require aggressive cancer screening and benefit from management by a multi-disciplinary team of professionals. The clinical manifestations, genetic causes and current management of patients with hereditary colon cancer syndrome is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Macaron
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | |
Collapse
|