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Eszlinger M, Stephenson A, Mirhadi S, Patyra K, Moran MF, Khalil M, Kero J, Paschke R. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and development of papillary thyroid carcinoma in thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor D633H knockin mice. Eur Thyroid J 2023; 12:e230049. [PMID: 37855416 PMCID: PMC10563634 DOI: 10.1530/etj-23-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism (NAH) is rare and occurs due to a constitutively activating thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) mutation. In contrast to other thyroid nodules, no further evaluation for malignancy is recommended for hot thyroid nodules. In the first model for NAH in mice nearly all homozygous mice had developed papillary thyroid cancer by 12 months of age. Methods To further evaluate these mice, whole exome sequencing and phosphoproteome analysis were employed in a further generation of mice to identify any other mutations potentially responsible and to identify the pathways involved in thyroid carcinoma development. Results Only three genes (Nrg1, Rrs1, Rasal2) were mutated in all mice examined, none of which were known primary drivers of papillary thyroid cancer development. Wild-type and homozygous TSHR D633H knockin mice showed distinct phosphoproteome profiles with an enrichment of altered phosphosites found in ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Most importantly, phosphosites with known downstream effects included BRAF p.S766, which forms an inhibitory site: a decrease of phosphorylation at this site suggests an increase in MEK/ERK pathway activation. The decreased phosphorylation at BRAF p.S766 would suggest decreased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, which is supported by the decreased phosphorylation of STIM1 p.S257, a downstream AMPK target. Conclusion The modified phosphoproteome profile of the homozygous mice in combination with human literature suggests a potential signaling pathway from constitutive TSHR signaling and cAMP activation to the activation of ERK/MAPK signaling. This is the first time that a specific mechanism has been identified for a possible involvement of TSH signaling in thyroid carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- Department of Oncology and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shideh Mirhadi
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konrad Patyra
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael F Moran
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moosa Khalil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jukka Kero
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Department of Oncology and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Larijani B, Pajouhi M, Ghanaati H, Bastanhagh MH, Abbasvandi F, Firooznia K, Shirzad M, Amini MR, Sarai M, Abbasvandi N, Baradar-Jalili R. Treatment of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules by percutaneous ethanol injection. BMC Endocr Disord 2002; 2:3. [PMID: 12470301 PMCID: PMC140013 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autonomous thyroid nodules can be treated by a variety of methods. We assessed the efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection in treating autonomous thyroid nodules. METHODS: 35 patients diagnosed by technetium-99 scanning with hyperfunctioning nodules and suppressed sensitive TSH (sTSH) were given sterile ethanol injections under ultrasound guidance. 29 patients had clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism. The other 6 had sub-clinical hyperthyroidism with suppressed sTSH levels (<0.24 &mgr;IU/ml) and normal thyroid hormone levels. Ethanol injections were performed once every 1-4 weeks. Ethanol injections were stopped when serum T3, T4 and sTSH levels had returned to normal, or else injections could no longer be performed because significant side effects. Patients were followed up at 3, 6 and, in 15 patients, 24 months after the last injection. RESULTS: Average pre-treatment nodule volume [18.2 PlusMinus; 12.7 ml] decreased to 5.7 PlusMinus; 4.6 ml at 6 months follow-up [P < 0.001]. All patients had normal thyroid hormone levels at 3 and 6 months follow-up [P < 0.001 relative to baseline]. sTSH levels increased from 0.09 PlusMinus; 0.02 &mgr;IU/ml to 0.65 PlusMinus; 0.8 &mgr;IU/ml at the end of therapy [P < 0.05]. Only 3 patients had persistent sTSH suppression at 6 months post-therapy. T4 and sTSH did not change significantly between 6 months and 2 years [P > 0.05]. Ethanol injections were well tolerated by the patients, with only 2 cases of transient dysphonia. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that ethanol injection is an alternative to surgery or radioactive iodine in the treatment of autonomous thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pajouhi
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanaati
- Medical Imaging Centre, Imam Khomeini University Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Abbasvandi
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Firooznia
- Medical Imaging Centre, Imam Khomeini University Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Shirzad
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Amini
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarai
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasreen Abbasvandi
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Baradar-Jalili
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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