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Amahmid O, El Guamri Y, Rakibi Y, Ouizat S, Yazidi M, Razoki B, Kaid Rassou K, Touloun O, Asmama S, Bouhoum K, Belghyti D. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Stability in human and environmental matrices, and potential hazards. Int J Environ Health Res 2023; 33:1-14. [PMID: 34702090 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1996541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in human excreta and environmental matrices. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental compartments raises questions on its fate and stability in these matrices and its potential to spread in the exposed communities. This review focused on the stability of the SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta, wastewater, soils, crops, and other environmental matrices, that may be reached through human excreta and sewage products spreading. Little is known about the persistence and survival of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment. Up to now sewage sludge, soil and crops are seldom investigated implying the convenience of considering future researches focusing on SARS-CoV-2 in soils receiving wastewater and sewage sludge, as well as on grown crops. Information regarding SARS-CoV-2 persistence in environmental media is crucial to establish and implement effective policies and measures for mitigating the transmission of COVID-19 and tackling eventual future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Amahmid
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, (Biology /Geology Research Units), Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climatic Change, Parasitology and Aquatic Biodiversity Research Team, Faculty of Sciences-Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad Univesity, Marrakesh Morocco
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco
| | - Youssef El Guamri
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, (Biology /Geology Research Units), Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco
| | - Youness Rakibi
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, (Biology /Geology Research Units), Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials, and Environment (Limome), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez Morocco
| | - Saadia Ouizat
- Chemistry and Didactics Unit, Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
| | - Mohamed Yazidi
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, (Biology /Geology Research Units), Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
| | - Bouchra Razoki
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, (Biology /Geology Research Units), Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
| | - Khadija Kaid Rassou
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, (Biology /Geology Research Units), Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
| | - Oulaid Touloun
- Polyvalent Laboratory in Research and Development, Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Souad Asmama
- Laboratory of Biomedical Analysis, University Hospital Centre Mohammad Vi, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Khadija Bouhoum
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climatic Change, Parasitology and Aquatic Biodiversity Research Team, Faculty of Sciences-Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad Univesity, Marrakesh Morocco
| | - Driss Belghyti
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco
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Emetere ME, Chikwendu L, Afolalu SA. Improved Biogas Production from Human Excreta Using Chicken Feather Powder: A Sustainable Option to Eradicating Poverty. Glob Chall 2022; 6:2100117. [PMID: 35712022 PMCID: PMC9189137 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that providing energy for cooking and lighting would solve over 65% of energy needs in rural communities. The use of biomass resources has been found not sustainable as other bioproducts such as biodiesel and bioethanol depend on it. More so that there is a depletion of bioresources in some parts of the world. The shift into animal waste such as poultry droppings and cattle dung has huge prospects, but it is not sustainable in the long term as rural farmers depend on it. The use of human excreta is the most available and sustainable due to the human population. This research aims to provide a workable blueprint of biogas production to meet energy needs. The research considers a laboratory-scale experiment whose result is used to project the medium-scale biodigester. Microbial culturing from human waste is used to initiate the codigestion of human excreta and powdered chicken feathers. It is observed that this procedure drastically reduces the high nitrogen content in the biogas and improves its methane and carbon dioxide content. It is observed that the scaled-up biodigester in a worst case scenario can function at 67%. Design parameters are documented for the onward adoption of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses E. Emetere
- Department of Mechanical Engineering ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburg2006South Africa
| | - L. Chikwendu
- Department of PhysicsCovenant University Canaan landOtaPMB 1023Nigeria
| | - S. A. Afolalu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringAfe Babalola UniversityAdo Ekiti360102Nigeria
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Tashiro Y, Kanda K, Asakura Y, Kii T, Cheng H, Poudel P, Okugawa Y, Tashiro K, Sakai K. A Unique Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion Process Showing a Dynamic Transition of Physicochemical and Bacterial Characteristics from the Mesophilic to the Thermophilic Phase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02537-17. [PMID: 29305505 PMCID: PMC5835747 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02537-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) process has been used to convert human excreta to liquid fertilizer in Japan. This study investigated the changes in physicochemical and bacterial community characteristics during the full-scale ATAD process operated for approximately 3 weeks in 2 different years. After initiating simultaneous aeration and mixing using an air-inducing circulator (aerator), the temperature autothermally increased rapidly in the first 1 to 2 days with exhaustive oxygen consumption, leading to a drastic decrease and gradual increase in oxidation-reduction potential in the first 2 days, reached >50°C in the middle 4 to 6 days, and remained steady in the final phase. Volatile fatty acids were rapidly consumed and diminished in the first 2 days, whereas the ammonia nitrogen concentration was relatively stable during the process, despite a gradual pH increase to 9.3. Principal-coordinate analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons using next-generation sequencing divided the bacterial community structures into distinct clusters corresponding to three phases, and they were similar in the final phase in both years despite different transitions in the middle phase. The predominant phyla (closest species, dominancy) in the initial, middle, and final phases were Proteobacteria (Arcobacter trophiarum, 19 to 43%; Acinetobacter towneri, 6.3 to 30%), Bacteroidetes (Moheibacter sediminis, 43 to 54%), and Firmicutes (Thermaerobacter composti, 11 to 28%; Heliorestis baculata, 2.1 to 16%), respectively. Two predominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the final phase showed very low similarities to the closest species, indicating that the process is unique compared with previously published ones. This unique process with three distinctive phases would be caused by the aerator with complete aeration.IMPORTANCE Although the autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) process has several advantages, such as a high degradation capacity, a short treatment period, and inactivation of pathogens, one of the factors limiting its broad application is the high electric power consumption for aerators with a full-scale bioreactor. We elucidated the dynamics of the bacterial community structures, as well as the physicochemical characteristics, in the ATAD process with a full-scale bioreactor from human excreta for 3 weeks. Our results indicated that this unique process can be divided into three distinguishable phases by an aerator with complete aeration and showed a possibility of shortening the digestion period to approximately 10 days. This research not only helps to identify which bacteria play significant roles and how the process can be improved and controlled but also demonstrates an efficient ATAD process with less electric power consumption for worldwide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Tashiro
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Environmental Protection, Tropical Microbiology Unit, Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kanda
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Asakura
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kii
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huijun Cheng
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Pramod Poudel
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Okugawa
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Environmental Protection, Tropical Microbiology Unit, Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Rose C, Parker A, Jefferson B, Cartmell E. The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 2015; 45:1827-1879. [PMID: 26246784 PMCID: PMC4500995 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2014.1000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The safe disposal of human excreta is of paramount importance for the health and welfare of populations living in low income countries as well as the prevention of pollution to the surrounding environment. On-site sanitation (OSS) systems are the most numerous means of treating excreta in low income countries, these facilities aim at treating human waste at source and can provide a hygienic and affordable method of waste disposal. However, current OSS systems need improvement and require further research and development. Development of OSS facilities that treat excreta at, or close to, its source require knowledge of the waste stream entering the system. Data regarding the generation rate and the chemical and physical composition of fresh feces and urine was collected from the medical literature as well as the treatability sector. The data were summarized and statistical analysis was used to quantify the major factors that were a significant cause of variability. The impact of this data on biological processes, thermal processes, physical separators, and chemical processes was then assessed. Results showed that the median fecal wet mass production was 128 g/cap/day, with a median dry mass of 29 g/cap/day. Fecal output in healthy individuals was 1.20 defecations per 24 hr period and the main factor affecting fecal mass was the fiber intake of the population. Fecal wet mass values were increased by a factor of 2 in low income countries (high fiber intakes) in comparison to values found in high income countries (low fiber intakes). Feces had a median pH of 6.64 and were composed of 74.6% water. Bacterial biomass is the major component (25-54% of dry solids) of the organic fraction of the feces. Undigested carbohydrate, fiber, protein, and fat comprise the remainder and the amounts depend on diet and diarrhea prevalence in the population. The inorganic component of the feces is primarily undigested dietary elements that also depend on dietary supply. Median urine generation rates were 1.42 L/cap/day with a dry solids content of 59 g/cap/day. Variation in the volume and composition of urine is caused by differences in physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and high protein intakes. Urine has a pH 6.2 and contains the largest fractions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium released from the body. The urinary excretion of nitrogen was significant (10.98 g/cap/day) with urea the most predominant constituent making up over 50% of total organic solids. The dietary intake of food and fluid is the major cause of variation in both the fecal and urine composition and these variables should always be considered if the generation rate, physical, and chemical composition of feces and urine is to be accurately predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rose
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - A. Parker
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - B. Jefferson
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - E. Cartmell
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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